18. What ionic forms are present at pH 7.0? The pKas of phosphoric acid are 2.1, 7.2, 12.4.
(A) HPO₄^-2
(B) H₂PO₄^-， 
(C) HPO₄^-2 and PO₄^-3
(D) H₂PO₄^- and HPO₄^-2
(E) All are correct

1. Which one of the following is the mechanism that Viagra inhibits PhosphoDiEsterase 5 (PDE5)? (A) (B) (C) (D)  (E)

2. Enzyme is a ( ) (pick the best description) (A) substrate analog (B) substrate stabilizer (C) transition state analog (D) transition state stabilizer (E) product stabilizer

3. For this enzyme reaction, it is a ? (A) Ping-Pong Reaction (B) Single-displacement reaction (C) Aspartic protease mediated reaction (D) reaction without water involvement (E) trypsin reaction.

4. Which statement below is inaccurate? (A) II is thermodynamics property and I is kinetics relevant (B) Both raising temperature and adding enzyme could lower the kinetic barrier (C) I is thermodynamics property and II is kinetics relevant (D) As long as II is large enough, the reaction can be completed at reasonable time frames (E) The probability for crossing barrier I is proportional to e-∆G‡/kT.

5. Which of the following is incorrect to describe myoglobin (Mb) and hemoglobin (Hb)? (A) The R-form and T-form of the Hb differ at their salt bridges, H-bonds and covalent linkages between subunits (B) Oxygen binding curve of Hb becomes closer to that of Mb in the absence of CO2 and BPG. (C) Oxygen binds to a ferrous ion of the heme in both proteins. (D) At low pH values, the population of R-form is less than the T-from of Hb. (E) Hb can carry CO2 but at different site from the one that binds CO and O2.

6. Many adults show symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal bloating and general discomfort which can be relieved by eliminating milk from the diet. This is most likely due to lack of ( ) (A) amylase (B) lactase (C) galactosidase (D) maltase (E) sucrose

7. The enzyme complex responsible for the photooxidation of water in photosystem II contains ( ) (A) Fe (B) Cu (C) Mg (D) Mn (E) Zn

8. The enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of aldoses and ketoses is a ( ) (A) isomerase (B) epimerase (C) aldolase (D) mutase (E) kinase

9. The coenzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex do **not** include ( ) (A) thiamine pyrophosphate (B) NADH (C) coenzyme A (D) lipoic acid (E) iron-sulfur cluster

10. F1F0ATP synthase works as a molecular motor. Which subunit of this complex functions as the central shaft? (A) α(B) β (C) γ (D) δ (Ε) ε

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