18. Which of the following cofactor requires a shuttle system in order to pass electrons to the electron transport chain?
(A)NADH produced in the citric acid cycle,
(B) NADH produced during glycolysis,
(C) QH₂ produced during fatty acid oxidation,
(D) NADH produced during fatty acid oxidation,
(E) all.

1. In transmembrane proteins, which amino acid is preferred at the membrane-water interface? (A)W, (B) E, (C) K, (D) L, (E) A.

2. Which transport system does not require energy input to transport substrates? (A)Ca+2-ATPase, (B) bacteriorhodopsin (C) ABC transporters, (D)potassium channel, (E) sodium pump.

3. Which of the following statement about the asymmetric structures of biological membranes is FALSE? (A) Membrane proteins display transverse and lateral asymmetry, (B) The lipids of the membrane exhibit lateral heterogeneity and transverse asymmetry, (C) The lipid composition is different from organelles to organelles, (D) The asymmetric membrane structures are maintained by transporters, (E) Acidic phospholipids are enriched in the outer leaflet.

4. Which amino acids are negatively-charged at neutral pH? (A)A, C, (B) D, E, (C) L, I, (D) K, R, (E) N, Q.

5. The rate-limiting step in glycogen catabolism is catalyzed by glycogen phosphorylase, which is activated by_______? (A) ATP, (B) ADP, (C) glucose-6-phosphate, (D) phosphorylation, (E) acetylation.

複選題6. The biosynthesis of_______ intermediates? (A) Pro, (B) Tyr, (C) His, (D) Phe, (E) Lys. is connected to purine biosynthesis by common

7. HMG-CoA reductase is the key regulatory site in cholesterol synthesis. Which of the following statement about the regulatory mechanisms of HMG-CoA reductase is TRUE? (A) Phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent kinase activates HMG-CoA reductase, (B) A high AMP:ATP ratio leads to activation of HMG-CoA reductase, (C) High cholesterol level increases the half-life of HMG-CoA reductase, (D) High cholesterol level increases HMG-CoA reductase gene expression, (E) HMG-CoA reductase phosphatase can activate HMG-CoA reductase.

8. What is the net ATP yield from the complete oxidation of one myristate to CO2 and H2O? (A) 106, (B) 94, (C) 92, (D) 108, (E) 120.

9. How does fructose-2,6-bisphosphate regulate gluconeogenesis? (A) It inhibits phosphofructokinase to stimulate gluconeogenesis, (B) It inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase to reduce gluconeogenesis, (C) It activates Pyruvate kinase to reduce gluconeogenesis, (D) It activates phosphofructokinase to stimulate gluconeogenesis, (E) It activates pyruvate carboxylase to stimulate gluconeogenesis.

10. Acetate units for fatty acid synthesis are activated by formation of _______.(A)Malonyl-CoA, (B) Acetyl-CoA, (C) Butyryl-CoA, (D) Malonyl-CoA and Acetyl-CoA, (E) Acetyl-CoA and Butyryl-CoA.

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