19 Which substance is not involved in the production of urea from NH4+ via the urea cycle?
(A) Aspartate
(B) ATP
(C) Carbamoyl phosphate
(D) Malate
(E) Ornithine

20 Antimycin A blocks electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1. If intact mitochondria were incubated with antimycin A, excess NADH, and an adequate supply of O2, which of the following would be found in the oxidized state? (A) Coenzyme Q (B) Cytochrome a3 (C) Cytochrome b (D) Cytochrome e (E) Cytochrome f

21. Which of the following is correct concerning the mitochondrial ATP synthase? (A) It can synthesize ATP after it is extracted from broken mitochondria (B) It catalyzes the formation of ATP even though the reaction has a large positive G'° (C) It consists of F0 and F1 subunits, which are transmembrane (integral) polypeptides (D) It is actually an ATPase and only catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP (E) When it catalyzes the ATP synthesis reaction, the G'° is actually close to zero

22. The enzymatic machinery to fix atmospheric N2 into NH4+ is (A) a means of producing ATP when excess N2 is available (B) composed of two key proteins, each containing iron (C) relatively stable when exposed to O2 (D) specific to plant cells (E) unaffected by the supply of electrons

23. If a cell were unable to synthesize or obtain tetrahydrofolic acid (H4 folate), it would probably be deficient in the biosynthesis of (A) isoleucine (B) leucine (C) lysine (D) methionine (E) serine

24. One amino acid directly involved in the purine biosynthetic pathway is (A) alanine (B) aspartate (C) glutamate (D) leucine (E) tryptophan

25. Which of the following is a DNA sequence? (A) Coactivator (B) Corepressor (C) Enhancer (D) Inducer (E) Transactivator

26. Protein amino acid side chains can hydrogen bond in the major groove of DNA, and discriminate between each of the four possible base pairs. In which one of the following groups of amino acids can all three members potentially be used in such DNA-protein recognition? (A) Ala, Asn, Glu (B) Arg, Gln, Leu (C) Asn, Gln, Trp (D) Asn, Glu, Lys (E) Glu, Lys, Pro

27. Assuming that the average amino acid residue contributes 110 to the peptide molecular weight, what will be the minimum length of the mRNA encoding a protein of molecular weight 50,000? (A) 133 nucleotides (B) 460 nucleotides (C) 1,400 nucleotides (D) 5,000 nucleotides (E) A minimum length cannot be determined from the data given

28. Splicing of introns in nuclear mRNA primary transcripts requires: (A) a guanine nucleoside or nucleotide (B) endoribonucleases (C) polynucleotide phosphorylase (D) RNA polymerase II (E) small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snurps)

29. Which mechanism is used to repair a thymidine dimer in DNA? (A) mismatch repair (B) base-excision repair (C) nucleotide-excision repair (D) direct repair (E) more than one is used for this type of lesion

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