2. Cellulose synthase is an enzyme located in the:
(A) Vacuole.
(B) Cell wall.
(C) Mitochondria.
(D) Chloroplast.
(E) Lysosome.

48. Microevolution refers to: (A) small-scale evolutionary changes within a population, observable over short periods, like allele frequency changes. (B) large-scale evolutionary changes that never lead to new species. (C) mechanisms entirely different from those causing macroevolution. (D) changes that cannot lead to macroevolutionary patterns. (E) speciation, as an exclusively macroevolutionary event.

49. Which of the following is a direct cause of microevolution within a population? (A) The formation of a new species over millions of years. (B) A change in the frequency of an allele due to random chance (genetic drift). (C) The large-scale extinction of a taxonomic group. (D) The diversification of life forms into new phyla. (E) The development of complex multicellular organisms from single-celled ancestors.

50. An example of microevolution is: (A) the appearance of the first flowering plants. (B) the diversification of mammals after the dinosaur extinction. (C) the evolution of birds from reptilian ancestors. (D) the formation of a new genus through accumulated genetic changes. (E) an increase in antibiotic resistance in a bacterial population over several generations.

1. Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins? (A) Transport specific molecules or ions into the cell. (B) Act as receptors for chemical signals. (C) Store genetic information. (D) Convert energy from one form to another. (E) Catalyze chemical reactions.

3. Which of the following is NOT part of protoplast? (A) Nucleus. (B) Cytoplasm. (C) Cytosol. (D) Cell wall. (E) Plastid.

4. Which of the following statement about transposons is FALSE? (A) They are movable genetic elements. (B) They are also called 'jumping genes'. (C) They may lead to mutation. (D) They occur only in algae. (E) Plasmids can function as transposons.

5. In the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the vir region is essential for the: (A) Synthesis of opine. (B) Synthesis of cytokinin. (C) Transfer of T-DNA. (D) Synthesis of auxin. (E) Utilization of nitrogen and carbon.

6. Because the first detectable product of the Calvin cycle is _____, the cycle is also known as the _____ pathway. (A) Oxaloacetate; C4 (B) Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate; C5 (C) 3-phosphoglycerate; C3 (D) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; C3 (E) Rubisco; C4

7. Under extremely _____ conditions, CAM plants would most likely grow _____ C3 plants. (A) wet; more slowly than (B) wet; more rapidly than (C) arid; just as rapidly as (D) arid; more rapidly than (E) arid; more slowly than

8. By definition, autotrophs differ from heterotrophs in that autotrophs: (A) Use light as an energy source. (B) Use inorganic compounds as an energy source. (C) Use carbon dioxide as their sole source of carbon. (D) Obtain their energy from dead organic matter. (E) Obtain their carbon from dead organic matter.