2. The researcher's claims were supported by extensive empirical ___ gathered over a ten-year longitudinal study. By providing raw data and measurable results, the team was able to move the theory from a mere hypothesis to a widely accepted scientific fact.
imagination

(B) evidence

(C) ideology

(D) rhetoric

3. The policy aims to promote sustainable development rather than short-term ___ that satisfy quarterly shareholders but deplete natural resources. This shift in strategy prioritizes the health of the ecosystem for future generations over immediate financial profit. gains (B) delays (C) ethics (D) equity

4. The findings were later ___ by independent studies conducted at three different universities. This successful reproduction of the original results confirmed the reliability of the initial data and strengthened the scientific consensus. contradicted (B) replicated (C) ignored (D) concealed

5. The author adopts a ___ tone throughout the article, carefully weighing the pros and cons of the legislation without showing personal bias. This objective approach allows readers to form their own conclusions based on the presented facts. sarcastic (B) sentimental (C) hostile (D) neutral

6. Advances in biotechnology, such as CRISPR and gene editing, have raised serious ethical ___ regarding the limits of human intervention. Scientists and philosophers alike are now debating whether the ability to "design" offspring outweighs the potential social risks. conveniences (B) dilemmas (C) advantages (D) traditions

7. The proposal was rejected due to its lack of theoretical ___, as the committee felt the project was based more on anecdotal observation than established academic frameworks. Without a solid starting point, the reviewers felt the project's goals were unattainable. rigor (B) decoration (C) ambition (D) curiosity

8. The data suggest a clear ___ between education level and health outcomes, indicating that individuals with higher degrees often have better access to preventative care. Researchers are now looking into whether this link is primarily driven by income or by health literacy. obstacle (B) correlation (C) contradiction (D) illusion

9. The committee reached a ___ decision after extensive discussion, ensuring that every member was in full agreement before moving forward. This total consensus was seen as a vital show of unity during a period of corporate restructuring. unanimous (B) accidental (C) impulsive (D) reluctant

10. The study focuses on communities that are socially and economically ___, specifically those living in "food deserts" with limited access to fresh produce. By highlighting these underserved populations, the researchers hope to influence local zoning laws. dominant (B) privileged (C) marginalized (D) commercial

11. The lecture emphasized the importance of critical thinking in an age of information ___, where the sheer volume of digital content can make it difficult to distinguish fact from fiction. Students were encouraged to verify sources before sharing headlines. scarcity (B) balance (C) equality (D) overload

12. The theory has been widely accepted, though not without ___ from a small group of physicists who believe the mathematical model is incomplete. Despite these objections, the theory remains the primary framework used in the field today. consensus (B) popularity (C) efficiency (D) criticism Part II. Reading Comprehension Reading Passage A Language has long functioned not merely as a medium of communication but as a site where power is negotiated and exercised. In contemporary digital environments, this function is increasingly mediated by technological systems that regulate how language circulates and acquires authority. Although such systems are often framed as neutral tools, their design embeds assumptions about legitimacy and normativity. Algorithms that rank, filter, or generate language do not eliminate power relations; instead, they reconfigure them in less visible forms. As a result, linguistic authority becomes intertwined with technical infrastructure. As universities work to cultivate critical awareness of technological mediation, language education must extend beyond mere proficiency to include an interrogation of the conditions under which meaning is produced.

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