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(A) The image that conveys a message is hardly a new phenomenon.
(B) Images in ads are a recent phenomenon, after computer graphics became widely available.
(C) We often ignore the fact that it is very expensive to create ads with images.
(D) Written texts have to exist because they can avoid misunderstanding.

17 (A) with the strongest effects on violent crimes (including murder) and property crimes. (B) which simply document the link between weather variations and human conflict. (C) we still do not fully understand the mechanisms that underlie the observed relationship between rainfall and crime. (D) poverty is the main causal pathway between rainfall and crime.

18 (A) with the strongest effects on violent crimes (including murder) and property crimes. (B) which simply document the link between weather variations and human conflict. (C) we still do not fully understand the mechanisms that underlie the observed relationship between rainfall and crime. (D) poverty is the main causal pathway between rainfall and crime.

19 (A) with the strongest effects on violent crimes (including murder) and property crimes. (B) which simply document the link between weather variations and human conflict. (C) we still do not fully understand the mechanisms that underlie the observed relationship between rainfall and crime. (D) poverty is the main causal pathway between rainfall and crime.

20 (A) with the strongest effects on violent crimes (including murder) and property crimes. (B) which simply document the link between weather variations and human conflict. (C) we still do not fully understand the mechanisms that underlie the observed relationship between rainfall and crime. (D) poverty is the main causal pathway between rainfall and crime.

22 (A) did not forget family and community history recoding, religion teaching, and direction giving, which were also important. (B) in addition to recording family and community history, teaching religious lessons, and giving directions. (C) but also recorded family and community history, taught lessons in religion, and even gave directions to locations. (D) as well as recording family and community history, teaching religious lessons, and giving directions.

23 (A) Since for most people it is difficult to see images as information and some ads are just too appealing, there has to be restrictions to make ads work. (B) Scientists insist that aggressive ads are too violent and must not be shown to children before they at least enter elementary school. (C) Unless we purposefully isolate ourselves from the industrial world, we have difficulty avoiding these images that daily insist upon our attention. (D) In some rural areas or small towns, people are not influenced as much as those in big cities; thus, ads must be more aggressive to sell.

24 (A) Advertisers, of course, depend on the fact that we all already know a great deal about the messages that images convey. (B) Familiar images do not sell well, so advertisers would try everything they could to be creative and bring new images to the world. (C) We do know some of the images that advertisers put out, but if the images are too familiar, they could easily become cliché. (D) There are differences in the kinds of ads received well in different countries, and advertisers have to be very careful about those differences.

25 (A) Because such scenes are so easily recognized, advertisers are sometimes able to use just a few words to get the message across. (B) The Marboro Man as an image for cigarettes has been around since the early 1950s, but only northern American viewers have good feelings toward it. (C) In summary, images that depict good time in life, such as birthdays, weddings, and beautiful people, are used more often than others. (D) In conclusion, educated viewers will remember cigarettes are bad for health no matter how attractive the image is.

26 (A) Corporate culture provides a clear system for all employees. (B) Every business—in fact every organization—has a culture. (C) Whether weak or strong, culture has a powerful influence throughout an organization. (D) On the other hand, sometimes the culture of an organization is very strong and cohesive.

27 (A) Every business—in fact every organization—has a culture. (B) Corporate culture provides a clear system for all employees. (C) Whether weak or strong, culture has a powerful influence throughout an organization. (D) On the other hand, sometimes the culture of an organization is very strong and cohesive.