21. Crossing over of chromosomes normally takes place during which of the following processes?
(A) meiosis II
(B) meiosis I
(C) mitosis
(D) mitosis and meiosis II

複選題22. Marfan syndrome in humans is caused by an abnormality of the connective tissue protein fibrillin. Patients are usually very tall and thin, with long spindly fingers, curvature of the spine, sometimes weakened arterial walls, and sometimes eye problems, such as lens dislocation. Which of the following would you conclude about Marfan syndrome from this information? (A) It is recessive. (B) It is dominant. (C) It is pleiotropic. (D) It is epistatic.

23. Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant yields all-purple offspring. The flower color trait in radishes is an example of which of the following inheritance patterns? (A) a multiple allelic system (B) sex linkage (C) codominance (D) incomplete dominance

24. One possible result of chromosomal breakage is for a fragment to join a nonhomologous chromosome. What is this type of chromosomal alteration called? (A) deletion (B) inversion (C) translocation (D) duplication

25. The elongation of the leading strand during DNA synthesis (A) progresses away from the replication fork. (B) occurs in the 3' → 5' direction. (C) produces Okazaki fragments. (D) depends on the action of DNA polymerase.

26. The lagging strand is characterized by a series of short segments of DNA (Okazaki fragments) that will be joined together to form a finished lagging strand. The experiments that led to the discovery of Okazaki fragments gave evidence for which of the following ideas? (A) DNA polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes leading and lagging strands during replication only in one direction. (B) DNA is a polymer consisting of four monomers: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. (C) DNA is the genetic material. (D) Bacterial replication is fundamentally different from eukaryotic replication. The key should not be way longer than the distractors.

27. Which of the following statements best describes the termination of transcription in prokaryotes? (A) RNA polymerase transcribes through the polyadenylation signal, causing proteins to associate with the transcript and cut it free from the polymerase. (B) RNA polymerase transcribes through the terminator sequence, causing the polymerase to separate from the DNA and release the transcript. (C) Once transcription has initiated, RNA polymerase transcribes until it reaches the end of the chromosome. (D) RNA polymerase transcribes through a stop codon, causing the polymerase to stop advancing through the gene and release the mRNA.

複選題28. In bacteria, there are 61 mRNA codons that specify an amino acid, but only 45 tRNAs. Which of the following statements explains this fact? (A) Some tRNAs have anticodons that recognize four or more different codons. (B) The rules for base pairing between the third base of a codon and tRNA are flexible. (C) Many codons are never used, so the tRNAs that recognize them are dispensable. (D) The DNA codes for all 61 tRNAs, but some are then destroyed.

29. Which of the following methods is utilized by eukaryotes to control their gene expression that is different from the type of control found in bacteria? (A) control of chromatin remodeling (B) control of RNA splicing (C) control of transcription (D) control of both RNA splicing and chromatin remodeling

30. DNA methylation and histone acetylation are examples of which of the following processes? (A) genetic mutation (B) chromosomal rearrangements (C) epigenetic phenomena (D) translocation

31. Why might using retroviral vectors for gene therapy increase the patient's risk of developing cancer? (A) Retroviral vectors may introduce proteins from the virus. (B) Retroviral vectors do not express the genes that were introduced into a patient's cells. (C) Retroviral vectors do not integrate their recombinant DNA into the patient's genome. (D) Retroviral vectors integrate recombinant DNA into the genome in ways that may misregulate the expression of genes at or near the site of integration.

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