22. The second messenger produced from the hydrolysis of PIP$_{2}$ that activates the increase of Ca$^{++}$ concentrations in the cytoplasm is:

(A) diacylglycerol (DAG).

(B) phosphatidylinositol (PI).

(C) phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP$_{2}$).

(D) inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP$_{3}$).

(E) inositol-1,4-bisphosphate (IP2).

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