22. The_______ of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is catalyzed by_______. 
(A) dehydration； pyruvate dehydration complex
(B) decarboxylation； pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
(C) decarboxylation； pyruvate decarboxylase
(D) transacylation； pyruvate transacylase
(E) None of the above.

18. Carotenoids have primary roles in photosynthesis as: (A) accessory light-harvesting and photooxidation. (B) accessory light-harvesting and photoprotection from reactive oxygen species. (C) resonance transfer pigments and photooxidation. (D) resonance transfer and photodiffusion protection. (E) None are true.

19. Epinephrine triggers an increased rate of glycolysis in muscle by: (A) activation of hexokinase. (B) activation of phosphofructokinase-1. (C) conversion of glycogen phosphorylase a to glycogen phosphorylase b. (D) inhibition of the Cori Cycle. (E) the Pasteur effect.

20. Which of the following reactions in glycolysis is a ketose to aldose isomerization? (A) Hexokinase (B) Phosphoglycerate mutase (C) Enolase (D) Aldolase (E) Triose phosphate isomerase

21. When carbohydrate intake is low,______ are formed from acetate units to provide metabolic fuel for the ______and other tissue. (A) fatty acids； liver (B) ketone bodies； brain (C) ketone bodies； liver (D) amino acids； brain (E) sterols； heart

23.The rate of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria is controlled prin (A) feedback inhibition by C02. (B) the availability of NADH from the TCA cycle. (C) the concentration of citrate. (D) the mass-action ratio of the ATD-ADP system. (E) the presence of thermogenin.

24._______and_______ are produced in the light reactions of photosynthesis which are used to convert _______to_______. (A) ATP； NADPH； carbon dioxide； sugar. (B) oxygen； ATP； NADPH； carbon dioxide (C) ATP； NADPt； carbon dioxide； sugar (D) oxygen； NADPH； ATP； sugar (E) NADPH； ATP； sugar； carbon dioxide

25. It is crucial that regulation occur at pyruvate dehydrogenase because: (A) pyruvate kinase is reversible. (B) lactate dehydrogenase is the only other enzyme to use pyruvate. (C) the product acetyl-CoA is committed to oxidation in the citric acid cycle or fatty acid biosynthesis. (D) alanine aminotransferase would use the pyruvate. (E) All of the above.

26. Given a Hill plot for protein X (shown in the figure). What is protein X's Hill coefficient? (A)0.5 (B)1 (C)2 (D) 3 (E) 4

27. What amino acids utilize chorismate for their biosynthetic ingredient? (A) Trp, Asp, Phe (B) Thr, Asn, Lys (C) Asp, Thr, Gln (D) Trp, Tyr, Phe (E) Met, Ile, Leu, Lys

複選題28. Regarding the binding energy generated from enzyme-substrate interactions, which statement is accurate? (A) It is insufficient to account for the substantial rate increases caused by enzymes. (B) It may be utilized to maintain two substrates in the ideal orientation for a reaction. (C) It originates from the formation of covalent bonds between the enzyme and substrate. (D) A large portion of it comes from covalent bonds between the enzyme and substrate. (E) The majority of it is expended in just attaching the substrate to the enzyme.