24

25

26. What is the main idea of the article? (A) Most commercially available yogurts are ineffective at improving health due to lack of live bacterial cultures. (B) Yogurt has recently been discovered to function as a complete immune system booster, replacing supplements. (C) Maria Branyas Morera’s exclusive diet of yogurt provides direct evidence that dairy can prevent age-related diseases. (D) The bacteria found in yogurt may play a role in extending human lifespan through their impact on gut and overall health.

27. According to the article, what makes eating yogurt an effective way to introduce beneficial bacteria into the body? (A) Its fermentation process allows it to carry a wide variety of bacteria to the bloodstream. (B) The dairy fats shield the bacteria from stomach acid, enabling more to reach the intestines. (C) It is digested more slowly than other fermented foods, giving bacteria time to colonize. (D) Yogurt’s carbohydrate content supports the growth of bacteria once inside the body.

28. What does the article suggest about the role of lactobacillus in gut health? (A) It balances the gut by eliminating all pathogens and raising gut pH. (B) It reduces acidity in the intestines, which improves nutrient absorption. (C) It creates a low-pH environment that favors beneficial microbes and inhibits harmful ones. (D) It works mainly in the large intestine to regulate digestive enzymes.

29. What broader implication does the article make about the gut microbiome? (A) It interacts with multiple body systems, suggesting far-reaching health effects. (B) It may contribute to long-term physical health but is unrelated to cognitive function. (C) Its diversity may be less important than the number of bacteria consumed. (D) Its influence is primarily limited to digestion and infection prevention.

30. Which of the following sentence best suits _______ in the last paragraph? (A) Yogurt varies from store to store. (B) Not all yogurt is created equal, though. (C) There’s no such thing as free yogurt. (D) Different yogurt caters to different people. 

31. What is the main idea of this passage? (A) DNA methylation and histone remodeling are critical to epigenetics. (B) Epigenetics benefits medical treatments of diseases, from cancer to neural disorders. (C) Gene expressions can be changed by environmental factors without altering DNA sequences. (D) Epigenetics is becoming more convincing and valued than traditional genetics in modern biology.

32. Which of the following is NOT an example of epigenetics? (A) Identical twins showing varied physical traits due to lifestyle differences. (B) A mother’s malnutrition causing changed methylation patterns in her child. (C) Water fleas exposed to predators produce offspring with larger helmets. (D) Plasticizers cause decreased fertility across generations.

33. Here is a sentence: “However, significant challenges remain, as epigenetic therapies often lack specificity and may have unintended effects on normal cellular processes.” Which paragraph is most suitable to have it as the final sentence? (A) Paragraph 2 (B) Paragraph 3 (C) Paragraph 4 (D) Paragraph 5

34. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true? (A) DNA methylation and histone modifications necessarily produce opposite gene remodeling results. (B) Fear conditioning does not have epigenetic implications on the offspring of mice. (C) Epigenetic changes are essentially one-way genetic alternations that cannot be undone. (D) Some medications are designed to curb DNA methylation to fight off illness.

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