24. Urea and formamide are agents that denature dsDNA by
(A) intercalating between base pairs and disrupting van der Waals interactions.
(B) forming ionic bonds with the backbone phosphates.
(C) competing effectively with the H-bonding between the base pairs.
(D) changing the pH to cause hydrolysis.
(E) none are true

1.Which statement MOST COMPLETELY EXPLAINS the large 4Go for the hydrolysis of phosphoenolpyruvate? (A) Hydrolysis of the phosphoanhydride bond along with the conversion of the enol to the keto form of pyruvate. (B) The hydrolysis of the phosphoanhydride bond. (C) Conversion from the enol to the keto form of pyruvate. (D) Strong bond energy along with a change in the stereochemistry of the molecule. (E) The large AGo of the phosphoester bond.

2. Which of the following statements regarding ATP is true? (A) the energy of hydrolysis is the same for all of the phosphate groups of the molecule (B) despite the very exergonic nature of the hydrolysis, ATP does not hydrolyze spontaneously due to a very high activation energy (C) the AG of hydrolysis within the cell is substantially greater than the AGo' due to a higher concentration of ATP with respect to ADP (D) electrostatic attraction of the phosphate groups contributes to a more exergonic free energy (E) both b and c are correct

3. All are true statements about L-isoleucine EXCEPT: (A) Its enantiomer is named D-isoleucine. (B) L-alloleucine would be its diastereomer. (C) It contains a total of two asymmetric or chiral carbons. (D) It can also be named as (2S,3S)-isoleucine using the (R,S) system. (E) Its diastereomer would be named D-leucine.

4. Which statement is INCORRECT about these amino acids, and amino acid derivatives? (A) GABA (y-aminobutyric acid) is a potent inhibitory neurotransmitter derived from glutamic acid. (B) Omnithine is an important metabolic intermediate. (C) Epinephrine is a hormone derived from tryptophan. (D) Serotonin is a neurotransmitter derived from tryptophan. (E) Histamine is a neurotransmitter derived from histidine.

5. Homologous proteins such as hemoglobin from different organisms do NOT: (A) have nearly identical lengths. (B) share little sequence homology with other proteins with similar function (e.g., myoglobin). (C) share a significant degree of sequence similarity. (D) perform the same function in different organisms. (E) have sequence identity in direct correlation to the relatedness of the species from which they were derived.

6. All of the statements about the peptide val-asp-trp-asn-ser are correct EXCEPT: (A) This peptide would show a strong absorption band at 280 nm. (B) Reaction with chymotrypsin would yield two peptides. (C) To synthesize this peptide using the solid phase method of Merrifield, the amino acid directly attached to the resin would be serine. (D) After the second round of Edman degradation using the reagent PITC, the PTH-amino acid residue released would be PTH-asp. (E) The peptide is resistant to trypsin.

7. All of the information necessary for folding the peptide chain into its "native" structure is contained in the__________of the peptide. (A) amino acid sequence (B) amino acid composition (C) configuration (D) amino acid side chain charges (E) all are true

8. Secondary and higher orders of structure are determined by all EXCEPT: (A) hydrophobic interactions. (B) ionic bonds. (C) van der Waals forces. (D) hydrogen bonds. (E) peptide bonds.

9. Aβ-barrel would most likely be composed of___________. (A) parallel β-sheets connected by regions of a-helix (B) parallel β-sheets connected by B-turns. (C) parallel β-sheets connected by regions of random coil. (D) parallel β-sheets connected disulfide bonds. (E) both a and c are correct.

10. All of the statements about the tertiary structure of the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase are correct EXCEPT: (A) Its β-strands are parallel. (B) Its a-helices are in the interior core of the molecular structure. (C) It contains a β-barrel in the center of its structure. (D) It is composed entirely of alternating a-helices and B-strands. (E) Hydrophobic residues are buried between concentric layers.

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