25 下列關於情感型疾患（mood disorders）中憂鬱症（depression）的神經病理變化，何者錯誤？
(A)憂鬱症患者在前額葉（prefrontal cortex）在正子攝影上的腦血流活動明顯下降
(B)核磁共振之影像研究顯示，憂鬱症患者在前扣帶迴皮質的灰質明顯減少
(C)憂鬱症患者的杏仁核網絡（amygdala network）具明顯異常
(D)憂鬱症的嚴重程度與前扣帶迴皮質的代謝有關，但與腹內側前額葉的代謝無關

應為背外側前額葉活化程度減少

補充 B 選項文獻
Highly significant bilateral volume reductions in gray matter were observed in the anterior cingulate, the gyrus rectus（直迴，在額葉底側）, and the orbitofrontal cortex. Depressed patients also exhibited significant bilateral white matter volume reductions and significant CSF volume increases in the anterior cingulate and the gyrus rectus. Finally, the depressed group showed significant CSF volume reductions in the orbitofrontal cortex relative to the comparison subjects.

總結
MDD

1. 雙側的前扣帶迴、直迴、眶額葉的灰質體積減少
2. 雙側白質體積減少
3. 腦脊髓液體積在前扣帶迴、直迴增加-->支持1的論點，因為他們萎縮體積變少所腦脊髓液可以去的地方更多了
4. 腦脊髓液體積在眶額葉的體積少-->就不支持1的觀察了

Ballmaier, M., Toga, A. W., Blanton, R. E., Sowell, E. R., Lavretsky, H., Peterson, J., ... & Kumar, A. (2004). Anterior cingulate, gyrus rectus, and orbitofrontal abnormalities in elderly depressed patients: an MRI-based parcellation of the prefrontal cortex. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(1), 99-108.

然後D選項，因為是背外側額葉活化程度變少才對，腹內側額葉跟動機有關（腹內側額葉損傷會有假性憂鬱的表現-->欠缺主動、情緒低落、冷漠、性欲減退、沉默寡言）

大腦結構情緒障礙症功能性活化研究的活...

Concurrent amygdalar and ventromedial prefrontal cortical responses during emotion processing: a meta-analysis of the effects of valence of emotion and passive exposure versus active regulation
Brain Struct Funct. 2020 Jan;225(1):345-363. doi: 10.1007/s00429-019-02007-3. Epub 2019 Dec 20.

In abstract, "The findings also suggest that hyperactivation of the vmPFC is associated with diminished right amygdala activities during regulation of negative emotions. Together, the findings extend the literature by specifying the roles of subregional vmPFC and amygdala activities in emotion processing."

B的出處是哪裡