25 依據盧易亞（A. R. Luria）對大腦中央溝後面之第三級區域（tertiary zone）的敘述，下列何者正確？
(A)該區域的神經細胞特性，為人類所獨有
(B)該區域主要為感道特定性（sensory modality-specific）之神經元
(C)該區域不負責統整來自兩半球之感官訊息
(D)該區域在大腦發育過程中的早期即已成熟

參考書籍：
1. Kolb, B., & Whishaw, I. Q. (2015). Fundamentals of human neuropsychology.
New York: Worth Publishers. Ch10.Principles of  Neocortical Function,p275 &281.

2. Walsh, K. W., & Darby, D. (1999). Neuropsychology: A Clinical Approach: Churchill Livingstone.
Ch1.History of neuropsychology--Modern neuropsychology, p26.

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擷取部分內文：
選項A，比較接近的是這段論述：

A final difference in the human brain has been the disproportionate expansion

of human frontal, temporal, and parietal association areas relative to those 

of other primates . Curiously, these regions show the greatest postnatal growth as well,

perhaps because they are not employed early in life and as a result are influenced more

by postnatal experience than regions more mature at birth.

Associations區域的細胞特性真的是人類獨有嗎？

作者在這段的論述其實分三個層次，

每一個層次都跟生物演化有關係，如果硬要說「獨有」，

書上寫的反而是Von Economo neurons (紡錘神經元)，論述如下：

The second special characteristic is a class of cortical neurons found only in 

humans; other great apes; and possibly in macaques, cetaceans, and elephants, 

but far most abundantly in humans (Cauda et al., 2014). These von Economo neurons

are large bipolar neurons located in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and 

in deep layers of the insula, shown in Figure 10.20A, and in a lateral cortical 

region of the anterior cingulate cortex (Figure 10.20B).

Von Economo neurons develop late in human ontogeny and only reach adult 

levels by about 4 years of age, possibly through the differentiation of some preexisting

cell type or even through neurogenesis. John Allman and his colleagues 

(2005) propose that von Economo neurons are associated with the emergence 

of theory of mind.

選項B是 multimodal or supramodal，引用：

Tertiary association or overlap zones are areas peripheral to functional centers

where the neuronal components of two or more different functions or modalities are interspersed.

The posterior association cortex, in which the most complex integration of perceptual functions

takes place, has also been called the multimodal (Pandya and Yeterian, 1990),

heteromodal Mesulam, 2000b), or supramodal (Darby and Walsh, 2005) cortex.

選項C，引用：

Flechsig's principle also applies to linkages between the two hemispheres.

There are no direct connections between the primary receptor areas of one side

and the primary receptors areas of the other, only commissural connections

between "association "cortex. The effects of such an anatomical arrangement are

summarized by Geschwind.

選項D，引用：

Flechsig was the first to suggest using anatomical criteria to delineate a hierarchy

of cortical areas, but Alexander Luria fully developed the idea in the 1960s. 

Luria (1973) divided the cortex into two functional units:

• The posterior cortex (parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes) is the sensory 

unit that receives sensations, processes them, and stores them as information .

• The anterior cortex (frontal lobe) is the motor unit that formulates intentions,

organizes them into programs of action, and executes the programs .

Both of Luria's cortical units are hierarchically structured, with three cortical

zones arranged functionally, one above the other. The first zone corresponds

to Flechsig's primary cortex; the second to the more slowly developing cortex

bordering the primary cortex, labeled secondary cortex by Luria; and the third is

the most slowly developing cortex, which Luria labeled tertiary cortex.

例如Prefrontal area就是一種tertiary cortex。 --------------------------------------------
OS：Luria的理論需要和其他新進理論比較著看，有些複雜，
如果真的出到這種題目，就給他吧!

（補充）
第二級區域：負責「特定」感官的訊息處理
第三級區域：處理「跨感官」訊息整合

因此C選項，兩半球之感官訊息，是一個跨感官的訊息整合，負責區域主要是第三級區域

這樣C為何錯誤   整合訊息不是發生在第二階層嗎