25. All of the following are correctly matched except _________.  
(A) T_H1: T-bet
(B) Treg: FoxP3
(C) IL-12: dendritic cells
(D) T_H17: RORy (gamma)T
(E) T_H2: Bc16

26. Primary lymphoid tissues are the sites where lymphocytes________, whereas secondary lymphoid tissues are the sites where lymphocytes________. (A) are stimulated； develop and mature (B) encounter pathogens； undergo apoptosis (C) develop and mature； become activated (D) undergo clonal selection； differentiate from hematopoietic stem cells (E) die； are phagocytosed after death

27. Herd immunity is best described as: (A) Vaccination of livestock herds (B) Protecting individuals who have not been vaccinated (C) Vaccinating the contacts of an infected person (D) Using multiple vaccines at one time (E) Protection of vaccinated individuals

28. Autoimmunity is thought to result from a combination of the following EXCEPT____________ (A) breakdown of self-tolerance mechanisms (B) mast cell degranulation and activation (C) environmental triggers (D) genetic susceptibility (E) none of the above

複選題29. Cross-priming of the immune response occurs when____________ . (Select all that apply.) (A) viral antigens are presented by MHC class I molecules on the surface of a cell that is not actually infected by that particular virus (B) cytosol-derived peptides enter the endoplasmic reticulum and bind to MHC class II molecules (C) phagolysoson me-derived peptides bind to MHC class II molecules (D) peptides of nuclear or cytosolic proteins are presented by MHC class II molecules (E) endoplasmic reticulum-derived peptides bind to MHC class I molecules

複選題30. The diversity of MHC class I and II genes is due to____________. (Select all that apply.) (A) gene rearrangements similar to those observed in T-cell receptor genes (B) the existence of many similar genes encoding MHC molecules in the genome (C) somatic hypermutation (D) extensive polymorphism at many of the alleles (E) jsotype switching

複選題31. Which of the following cytokines is not secreted by TH2 cells? (Select all that apply.) (A) IFN-γ (gamma) (B) IL-4 (C) lymphotoxin (LT) (D) IL-10 (E) TGF-β (beta)

複選題32. Which of the following is a feature of regulatory T cells (Treg)? (Select all that apply.) (A) Treg express CD8 and control effector cells by inducing apoptosis (B) Treg express high levels of CD25 (IL-2 receptor a (alpha) chain) and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-y (gamma) (C) Physical association between Treg and their target cells is mandatory for Treg function (D) By interacting with dendritic cells in secondary lymphoid tissue, Treg prevent the interaction and activation of naive T cells (E) Treg secrete TGF-B (beta) and suppress effector T-cell function

複選題33. The process by which cytotoxic T cells kill their targets involves___________ (Select all that apply.) (A) inducing the target cell to undergo necrosis (B) inducing apoptosis (progran mmed cell death) in the cytotoxic T cell (C) DNA fragmentation in lengths of multiples of 200 base pairs in the target cell (D) shedding of membrane-bound vesicles and shrinking of the target cell (E) release of granzyme, perforin, and granulysin by the cytotoxic T cell

複選題34. SARS-CoV2 is the causative agent of COVID-19 disease. Which of the following statement is correct for SARS-CoV2? (Select all that apply.) (A) It is an RNA virus (B) The genome of SARS-CoV2 is very stable and nearly mutated during transmission (C) Human is the only host (D) It uses spike protein to bind ACE2 receptor to infect host cells (E) There is no vaccine available to prevent SARS-CoV2 infection of humans

複選題35. Which of the following statem ments are NOT correct? (Select all that apply.) (A) Host-pathogen interactions determine the infection outcome (B) The effector mechanisms that are recruited to clear an infection are always the same, regardless of the type of pathogens (C) Inherited genetic defect in T cell development can result in defects in other components of the immune system and cause severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) (D) Allergy and autoimmunity are caused by normal immune responses that are direct against inappropriate antigens (E) Type I hypersensitivity reaction is caused by an IgG-mediated immune response whose main physiological role is to defend against parasite infection

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