27. What are the most abundant and diverse vertebrates?
(A) birds
(B) mammals
(C) reptiles
(D) bony fishes
(E) amphibians

28. Which of the following are the only modern animals that may have descended directly from dinosaurs? (A) birds (B) lizards (C) snakes (D) crocodiles (E) mammals

29. The smallest biological unit that can evolve over time is (A) a population. (B) a cell. (C) an ecosystem. (D) a community. (E) an individual organism.

30. Which of the following statements about “community” is incorrect? (A) Community is the biotic section of an ecosystem. (B) A community can be defined as any assemblage of populations in an area. (C) A botanist may use ‘plant community’ to describe the composition of plant species in a specific habitat. (D) Community ecology emphasizes the interactions between different species. (E) Community functions as an integrated unit.

 31. Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its structure and function? (A) xylem-a kind of vascular tissue that transports water and minerals (B) phloem-a kind of vascular tissue that transports sugar (C) periderm-protective coat of woody stems and roots (D) pericycle-waterproof ring of cells surrounding central stele in roots (E) fiber-a kind of sclerenchyma cell with secondary walls

32. Xerophytes have evolutionary adaptations that reduce transpiration. Which of the following is not the adaptation? (A) multiple-layered epidermis (B) thick cuticle (C) stomata concentrated on the lower leaf surface (D) trichome concentrated on the upper dermal tissue (E) fix CO2 as CAM pathway

33. Botanist found that ethylene could induce triple response in pea seedlings. Which of the following characteristics is not the effect caused by ethylene? (A) a slowing of stem elongation (B) a slowing of root elongation (C) a curvature that causes stem to grow horizontally (D) a thickening of the stem (E) none of the above

34. How might a plant respond to severe flooding? (A) It increases ethylene production which causes apoptosis in root cells. (B) It increases the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes to reduce their fluidity. (C) It reduces transpiration and closes the stomata. (D) It produces heat-shock proteins that may protect the plant’s proteins from denaturing. (E) It orients leaves toward the sun to increase evaporative cooling.

35. Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? (A) H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle (B) H2O → photosystem I→ photosystem II (C) NADPH → chlorophyll → Calvin cycle (D) NADPH → eletron transport chain → O2 (E) NADPH → O2 → CO2

36. During conjugation between Hfr cell and an F- cell, what happened? (A) All the F- cells become Hfr cells. (B) All the F- cells become F+ cells. (C) Genes from the Hfr cell may replace genes of the F- cells by recombination. (D) The chromosome of the F- cell is completely replaced by the chromosome of the Hfr cell. (E) DNA from the F- cell transfers to the Hfr cell and DNA from the Hfr cell transfers to the F- cell.

37. Which of the following is not the function of microtubules? (A) Maintenance of cell shape (B) Cell motility (C) Muscle contraction (D) Chromosomes movements in cell division (E) Organelle movements

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