28. If Golgi apparatus were damaged by a consumed chemical compound, what process would be most altered?

(A)protein translation

(B)protein glycosylation

(C)alpha helix formation

(D)beta-sheet formation

29. A student was conducting experiments to understand how certain factors affect the chemical reaction with the enzyme fully saturated with substrate. What could she do to facilitate the reaction?(A)Increase the temperature to 40 degrees Celsius(B)Increase the concentration of substrate(C)Increase the concentration of enzyme(D)Add more solutions to the system

30. One of the structural proteins α-keratin is the main component of human hair. Many girls often use tools to straighten hair by applying heat to iron hair into temporarily lying flat and straight. What would be the best biological explanation for this fact?(A)Hair straighteners disrupt hydrogen bonds in α-keratin(B)Hair straighteners disrupt ionic bonds between α-keratin molecules(C)Hair straighteners disrupt disulfide bonds in α-keratin molecules(D)Hair straighteners denature α-keratin molecules by disrupting the pH

31. Okazaki fragments show all the following characteristics except for which ONE?(A)are typically 1000-2000 nucleotides long in prokaryotes(B)are joined together by DNA primase(C)are formed as part of the lagging strand(D)allow a replisome to move in one direction on double-stranded DNA

32. The enzyme telomerase synthesizes DNA strands at the end of chromosomes through which ONE of the following mechanisms?(A)By converting DNA polymerase into a continuously cycling mode(B)By adding each of the 4 nucleotides in turn to produce a repetitive sequence(C)By extending the leading strand via instructions from its own internal template(D)By adding long poly A tails to the leading strand

33. Which statement best describes the main distinction between the origin of the two classes of small regulatory RNAs: siRNA and miRNA?(A)siRNAs originate within the cell cytoplasm; miRNAs originate from the cell genome(B)siRNAs originate from predominantly exogenous dsRNA; miRNAs originate from the cell genome(C)miRNAs are expressed whenever siRNAs are unable to appropriately degrade RNA sequences(D)miRNAs are processed from dsRNA viruses, siRNAs are processed from ssRNA viruses

34. Of the following four 15-bp double-stranded DNA sequences, which will be most stable at higher temperatures? In other words, which will most likely remain in a double-stranded form? (Note: only one strand is shown here) Choose the single best answer.(A)CATCCTAGCGACTAT(B)CTATACGACATAGCC(C)AAATGCATACATCTT(D)CCCGCATCGCCATCG

35. Please choose the most accurate description of the enhancer. Enhancers are ____(A)proteins located adjacent to promoters(B)distant sites where regulatory proteins bind(C)a bacterial form of promoters(D)proteins that bind with repressors, deactivating them

36. Which of the following helps stabilize mRNA by inhibiting its degradation?(A)TATA box(B)spliceosomes(C)5ʹ cap and poly ( A ) tail(D)introns

37. What is the activated reactant in the biosynthesis of phosphoribosylamine?(A)ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)(B)IMP (Inosine monophosphate)(C)PRPP (5-Phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate)(D)FAD (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)

38. During DNA replication in eukaryotic cells, the enzyme responsible for synthesizing the new DNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction is:(A)DNA ligase(B)DNA polymerase α(C)DNA polymerase δ(D)RNA primase

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