3. What is the primary cellular location for fatty acid biosynthesis in animal cells?
(A) Golgi apparatus
(B) Nucleus
(C) Mitochondria
(D) Cytoplasm
(E) Lysosome

4. What are the two major proteins of muscle? (A) Myosin and Troponin C (B) Titin and Tropomyosin (C) Actin and Troponin T (D) Actin and Troponin A (E) Myosin and Actin

5. MRE11 enzyme requires Mn2+ for catalysis. When the enzyme lacks Mn2+, it would be referred to as the: (A) Substrate (B) Apoenzyme (C) Coenzyme (D) Holoenzyme (E) Prosthetic group

6. P/O ratio in electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation is defined as: (A) Molecules of phosphate released from ATP per oxygen utilized by muscle tissue. (B) Molecules of ATP formed per two electrons flowing through the electron transport chain. (C) Pi uptake per oxygen atom by mitochondria. (D) Ratio of atoms of phosphorus to oxygen in phosphate (Pi). (E) None of the above.

7. High levels of which molecule in the liver mitochondria promote ketogenesis rather than the citric acid cycle? (A) High glucose (B) High acetyl-CoA (C) High pyruvate (D) High malonyl-CoA (E) Low NADH and high citrate

8. A scientist solved a protein structure and submitted it to the Ramachandran plot (as given). Which description of structural information is correct? (A) This protein structure is constituted of ẞ-sheets. (B) This protein structure is constituted of right-handed a-helices. (C) This protein structure is constituted of right-handed a-helices and B-sheets. (D) This protein structure is constituted of left-handed a-helices and ẞ-sheets. (E) This protein structure is constituted of an E-F hand fold.

9. Uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation: (A) Allows continued mitochondrial ATP formation, but halts O2 consumption. (B) Halts all mitochondrial metabolism. (C) Halts mitochondrial ATP formation, but allows continued O2 consumption. (D) Slows down the citric acid cycle. (E) Slows the conversion of glucose to pyruvate by glycolysis.

10. Which amino acids (in one-letter code) exhibit a specific UV absorption at 280 nm? (A) WYF (B) WTR (C) LKQ (D) KHF (E) AMC

11. In the enzyme catalyzed reaction sequence below, can the E-PO4 intermediate be predicted and why? (A) Yes, the mechanism is a double-displacement reaction. (B) Yes, the reaction fits the ping-pong model. (C) No, the reaction is random single-displacement. (D) No, the reaction is double-displacement. (E) No, the reaction is order single-displacement.

12 In the pyruvate carboxylase catalyzed reaction, bicarbonate is "activated" by attachment to the of ATP to form ______. (A) B-phosphate; carbonyl ADP (B) a-phosphate; carbonyl AMP (C) a-phosphate; carbonyl phosphate (D) y-phosphate; carbonyl phosphate (E) y-phosphate; carbonyl AMP

13. Which enzyme catalyzes the committed step of fatty acid biosynthesis? (A) Fatty acid synthase (B) HMG-CoA reductase (C) Pyruvate carboxylase (D) Thiolase (E) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

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