30. The following data were obtained in a study of an enzyme known to follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics.

 The Km for this enzyme is approximately:
(A) 1 mM.
(B) 1,000 mM.
(C) 2 mM.
(D) 4 mM.
(E) 6 mM.

31. Which of the following statements regarding electron transfer is true? 1. A positive reduction potential means substance has higher affinity for electron. 2. ATP synthase would be unable to produce ATP if a toxin inhibits the establishment of the proton gradient in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. 3. Cells treated with the drug 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) which destroys the H+ gradient that forms in the electron transport chain will be forced to perform fermentation. 4. Cyanide is very toxic in high enough doses because it binds irreversibly to cytochrome C, resulting in the increase of several enzymes' activities of the citric acid cycle.(A) 1, 2, and 4 are correct.(B) 1, 3, and 4 are correct.(C) 1, 2, and 3 are correct.(D) 2, 3, and 4 are correct.(E) All are correct.

32. Pyruvate carboxylase catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate. What coenzyme is found in pyruvate carboxylase that aids in many carboxylation reactions? (A) Thiamine pyrophosphate. (B) Biotin. (C) Folic acid. (D) Lipoic acid. (E) None of the above.

33. Pyruvate carboxylase catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate. In this pyruvate carboxylase catalyzed reaction, bicarbonate is "activated" by attachment to the ______ of ATP to form ______. (A) β-phosphate； carbonyl ADP. (B) α-phosphate； carbonyl AMP. (C) α-phosphate； carbonylphosphate. (D) γ-phosphate； carbonylphosphate. (E) γ-phosphate； carbonyl AMP.

34. Which of the following statements about glyoxylate pathway is(are) correct? During seed germination, the glyoxylate pathway is important to plants because it enables them to: 1. carry out the synthesis of glucose from acetyl-CoA. 2. accomplish the net synthesis of four-carbon dicarboxylic acids from acetyl-CoA. 3. obtain acetyl-CoA from fatty acids. 4. obtain glyoxylate from fatty acids. 5. conversion of lipid to carbohydrate. 6. accomplish the net synthesis of long-chain fatty acids from citric acid cycle intermediates.(A) 2 and 4 are correct.(B) 1, 2, and 5 are correct.(C) 3 and 6 are correct.(D) 3 and 5 are correct.(E) Only 4 is correct.

35. Glucose, labeled with in different carbon atoms, is added to a crude extract of a tissue rich in the enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway. The most rapid production of will occur when the glucose is labeled in: (A) C-1. (B) C-3. (C) C-4. (D) C-5. (E) C-6.

36. When a muscle is stimulated to contract aerobically, less lactic acid is formed than when it contracts anaerobically because: (A) glycolysis does not occur to significant extent under aerobic conditions. (B) muscle is metabolically less active under aerobic than anaerobic conditions. (C) the lactic acid generated is rapidly incorporated into lipids under aerobic conditions. (D) under aerobic conditions in muscle, the major energy-yielding pathway is the pentose phosphate pathway, which does not produce lactate. (E) under aerobic conditions most of the pyruvate generated as a result of glycolysis is oxidized by the citric acid cycle rather than reduced to lactate.

37. Which of the following substrates cannot contribute to net gluconeogenesis in mammalian liver? (A) Alanine. (B) Glutamate. (C) Palmitate. (D) Pyruvate. (E) α-ketoglutarate.

38. Which of the following reactions is catalyzed by a transketolase in the pentose phosphate pathway?I. fructose-6-P + glyceraldehyde-3-P → xylulose-5-P + erythrose-4-PII. erythrose-4-P + fructose-6-P → sedoheptulose-7-P + glyceraldehyde-3-PIII. sedoheptulose-7-P + glyceraldehyde-3-P → ribose-5-P + xylulose-5-P(A) I only.(B) II and III.(C) II only.(D) I and III.(E) I and II.

39. Fructose in the diet or fructose from sucrose in the diet can be a source of calories for fat synthesis in the liver because: (A) ketoses are fattening. (B) fructose enters glycolysis after the primary regulation point, phosphofrutokinase-1 (PFK-1). (C) fructose provides a net of four ATP from glycolysis. (D) fructose enters the branch of glycolysis that forms fat. (E) glycerol (the "backbone" of triacylglycerols) comes specifically from fructose.

40. If yeast cells were given glucose that was labeled with at carbon 3, where would the by found after glycolysis under anaerobic conditions? (A) CO2. (B) Ethanol, C1. (C) Ethanol, C2. (D) Lactic acid, C1. (E) Lactic acid, C3.

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