30. Which of the following can be used as a substrate for gluconeogenesis in the liver?
(A) Alanine
(B) Glutamic acid
(C) Glycerol
(D) Succinate
(E) All of the above

31. For the complete oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with 16 carbons, how many times must the beta-oxidation cycle be repeated? (A) 4 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 6 (E) 16

32. What are the β-oxidation products of oleic acid (18:1Δ9) and how many ATP equivalents are required for activation? (A) 8 acetyl CoA, 8 NADH, 7 FADH2, 1 ATP equivalents (B) 9 acetyl CoA, 8 NADH, 7 FADH2, 2 ATP equivalents (C) 8 acetyl CoA, 7 NADH, 7 FADH2, 1 ATP equivalents (D) 8 acetyl CoA, 7 NADH, 6 FADH2, 2 ATP equivalents (E) 9 acetyl CoA, 9 NADH, 8 FADH2, 1 ATP equivalents

33. The brain normally uses __________as its source of metabolic energy, but during starvation__________may be the major source of energy. (A) glucose； ketone bodies (B) ketone bodies； fatty acids (C) fatty acids； amino acids (D) amino acids； glucose (E) all are true

34. Dietary lipids are "packaged" in the intestine into __________for transport in the blood stream. (A) Chylomicrons (B) HDL (C) IDL (D) VLDL (E) LDL

35. E. coli does NOT have any__________ fatty acids, plants can introduce double bonds into fatty acids between Δ9 and the__________-end of the chain, while mammals can only introduce double bonds between Δ9 and the__________-end of the chain. (A) Saturated； carboxyl； methyl (B) Mono-unsaturated； carboxyl； methyl (C) Polyunsaturated； carboxyl； methyl (D) Polyunsaturated； methyl； carboxyl (E) Saturated； methyl； carboxyl

36. In the transamination of amino acids all of the following statements are true EXCEPT? : (A) pyridoxal phosphate is a coenzyme (B) the reaction is tightly controlled by allosteric effectors (C) the amino acid acceptor is typically an α-keto acids (D) ammonia is neither consumed nor produced (E) the reactions do not need ATP to catalyze

37. The Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is due to a severe deficiency of ?: (A) PRPP (B) ribonucleotide reductase (C) xanthine oxidase (D) HGPRT (E) purine nucleoside phosphorylase

38. Steps in the synthesis of dTMP include all of the following EXCEPT? (A) dUDP is formed from UDP (B) dTMP is formed by methylation of dUMP (C) a methylene group is transferred from N5,N10-methylene-THF and reduced to a methyl group (D) N5,N10-methylene-THF is oxidized to DHF (E) thymidine undergoes phosphorolysis

39. Which of the following metabolic pathways is correctly matched with the key enzyme that regulates that pathway? (A) pentose pathways---glucokinase (B) glycolysis---fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (C) gluconeogenesis---phosphofructokinase (D) fatty acid synthesis---acetyl CoA carboxylase (E) TCA cycle---glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase

40. All are true for the energy charge (EC) of a cell EXCEPT? (A) It is an index of adenylate phosphoric anhydrides (B) EC has a range of 0 to 1.0 (C) It is a ratio of adenylate phosphoric anhydride bonds to total adenylate concentration (D) It is 1.0 when all of the adenylate is ATP (E) It is rapidly changed by adenylate kinase

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