31. Simple nerve reflexes use signaling molecules called
(A) nitric oxides
(B) proteases
(C) G proteins
(D) neurotransmitters
(E) lipids

32. Reverse transcriptase produces (A) DNA from peptides (B) RNA from DNA (C) RNA from RNA (D) DNA from protein (E) DNA from RNA

33. A PCR cycle consists of (A) three steps, denaturation, primer annealing and elongation (B) three steps, denaturation, initiation and elongation (C) three steps, primer annealing, elongation and termination (D) three steps, initiation, elongation and termination

34. Which of the following is not a type of signaling molecule? (A) Adenylate cyclase (B) Testosterone (C) Insulin (D) Thyroxin

35. Nitroglycerin has long been administered to human patients suffering from chronic chest pain (angina). This medication works because it (A) is broken down into hormones that affect the heart (B) breaks down into nitric oxide, which increases blood flow to the heart (C) Interferes with chemical cascades that trigger contraction of heart muscle (D) mimics the action of signal receptors

36. The binding of ligands to many G-proteins linked receptors leads to shortlived (A) decrease in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger (B) increase in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger (C) decrease in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger increase in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger (D) increase in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger

37. Animals cannot convert fatty acids into glucose because (A) absence of malate synthase (B) absence of dehydrogenase (C) acetyl CoA can not be converted to pyruvate (D) absence of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

38. Chylomicrons are synthesized in (A) intestine (B) blood (C) liver (D) pancreas

39. The peptide bond in proteins is (A) only found between proline residues (B) usually cis unless proline is the next amino acid (C) usually trans unless proline is the next amino acid (D) is planar because of steric hinderance

40. A molecule that can be covalently linked to a non-immunogenic antigen to make it an immunogen is called a(n) (A) adjuvant (B) carrier (C) mitogen (D) hapten

41. An enzyme that recognizes foreign DNA, and results in a cut in that DNA is called (A) transposase (B) helicase (C) reverse transcriptase (D) restriction endonuclease

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