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26.What is a possible reason for an organ transplant rejection in identical twins, given their genetic similarity?
(A) Differences in blood type between the twins, as blood type compatibility is crucial for successful organ transplantation.
(B) Minor genetic mutations that occurred post-zygotically, leading to slight genetic differences between the twins.
(C) The presence of different sets of major histocompatbili complex (MHC) molecules, leading to immune recognition and rejection﹒
(D) Psychological stress in the recipient twin, which can indirectly trigger an immune response against the transplanted organ﹒
(E) Environmental factors leading to different gut microbiota in the twins, which can influence immune responses and organ compatibility.


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Celeste 小五下 (2024/09/16):

What is a possible reason for an organ transplant rejection in identical twins, given their genetic similarity?

(當考慮到同卵雙胞胎之間的器官移植排斥時,儘 管他們的基因相似,但仍有可能發生排斥反應。 以下是可能的原因):
(A) Differences in blood type between the twins, as blood type compatibility is crucial for successful organ transplantation.(雙胞胎之間的血型差異,血型相容性對 於成功的器官移植至關重要。)錯,同卵雙胞胎之間血型相同


(B) Minor genetic mutations that occurredpost-zygotically, leading to slight genetic differences between the twins.(受精卵之後發生的微小基因突變,導致雙 胞胎之間存在輕微的基因差異。)

對,同卵雙胞胎可能因為環境荷爾蒙,轉譯後修飾,細胞突變基因有些許不同即使是同卵雙胞胎,由於環境荷爾 蒙、轉譯後修飾(如蛋白質的磷酸化、甲基化 等)以及細胞突變,仍然可能存在一些基因和表 觀遺傳上的差異。這些差異可能會導致免疫系統 識別出不同,從而引發器官移植排斥反應。

這些因素包括:

・環境荷爾蒙:環境中的化學物質可能會影響 基因表達和免疫系統。

•轉譯後修飾:蛋白質在合成後的修飾過程可 能會導致功能上的差異。

・細胞突變:在細胞分裂過程中可能會發生突 變,導致基因的微小差異。
補充:
根據《自然遺傳學》(Nature Genetics) 的研究,檢視了381對同卵雙胞胎及其近親的 DNA序列,發現雙胞胎之間平均存在5.2個基因 突變,這些突變大多數發生在胚胎發育的早 期階段,導致每對雙胞胎的基因組都有獨特的差 異

這些發現對於理解人類發育和疾病研究有重要意 義,因為它們挑戰了雙胞胎基因完全相同的假 設,

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(C) The presence of different sets of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, leading to immune recognition and rejection.
錯,同卵雙胞胎之間MHC也相同

(D) Psychological stress in the recipient twin, which can indirectly trigger an immune response against the transplanted organ(心理壓力在接受移植的雙胞胎中,可能會間接引發對移植器官的免疫反應。)
錯,心裡壓力不至於引發對移植器官的免疫反應


(E)Environmental factors leading to different gut microbiota in the twins, which can influence immune responses and organ compatibility.(環境因素導致雙胞胎之間腸道微生物群的差異,這些差異可能會影響免疫反應和器官相容性。)腸道微生物群的差異不會移植器官的免疫反應
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