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IV. Reading Comprehension
Questions 41-50: Choose the BEST answer to each question below according to what is stated and implied in the following passages.
       There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stones of a Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons, which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the common principles of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforced common standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment—on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.
       The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have been the pattern of Rome’s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean sea lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great, the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time, and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The key to the Greek world lay in its high-powered ships； the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to the sea； the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart； the Roman, a landsman.
       Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place great emphasis on this almost animal instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman priorities lay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability, it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for military organization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land and to the stability of rural life fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility； pietas, a sense of devotion to family and country； and justitia, a sense of the natural order.
       Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong and who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is, at best, the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality； Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original； Rome, derivative. Greece had style； Rome had money. Greece was the inventor； Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. “Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his Epistles, “what work of ancient date would now exist?” 
       Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements. 
       Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.

【題組】45. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
(A) Mighty Kingdom: The Military Superiority of Ancient Rome
(B) Greco-Roman Pantnership: Greek Influence on Roman Literature and Philosophy
(C) Roman Civilization: Cohesion, Control, and Greco-Roman Cultural Heritage
(D) Paradigm Shift: The Decline of Greek Civilization and the Rise of Rome

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Celeste 小五下 (2024/08/18):

根據這段文字，最適合的標題應該是 (C) Roman Civilization: Cohesion, Control, and Greco-Roman Cultural Heritage。這段文字討論了對羅馬文明的不同態度，並提到羅馬在某些方面是希臘的延續者和模仿者，這與選項 C 中提到的「羅馬文明的凝聚力、控制力和希臘-羅馬文化遺產」相符。尤其倒數第二段有說Rome's debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.翻譯:希臘對羅馬的恩情是巨大的。羅馬人採用了希臘的宗教和道德哲學。在文學方面，希臘作家被拉丁繼承者有意地用作榜樣。受過教育的羅馬人應該流利地說希臘語是絕對被接受的。在思辨哲學和科學方面，羅馬人幾乎沒有在早期成就上取得進展。

這段文字表達了羅馬在很大程度上傳承了希臘文化。羅馬人不僅採用了希臘的宗教和道德哲學，還在文學、語言、思辨哲學和科學等方面受到了希臘的深遠影響。這顯示了希臘文化對羅馬文明的巨大影響和貢獻。

文章提到羅馬的凝聚力和控制力的部分是：


"There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stones of a Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons, which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the common principles of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforced common standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment-on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed."


這段文字詳細描述了羅馬世界的凝聚力和控制力，包括物理上的軍事駐軍網絡和石砌道路網絡，組織上的法律和行政原則，以及心理上的恐懼和懲罰。這些都表明了羅馬文明的凝聚力和控制力。

A錯文章主要在說羅馬和希臘文化各自擅長的部分，還有羅馬希臘文化的演變以及兩者文化交互影響不是說羅馬軍事上的優勢

至於為什麼 (B) 是錯誤的：Rome's debt to Greece was enormous.羅馬是希臘文化的傳承者，而不是夥伴關係partnership。雖然文章確實討論了希臘對羅馬文學和哲學的影響，但它也涵蓋了宗教、道德和科學。這段文章強調了羅馬作為希臘文化「延續者」的角色，是垂直傳承不是平行交流，不是partnership。partnership夥伴關係意味著更平等的交流或合作，而文章並沒有明確表達這一點。


 

選項 D：希臘文明的衰落和羅馬的崛起

 

雖然羅馬最終成為了主導力量，但文章強調羅馬對希臘文化和知識的高度依賴，而不是希臘文明的衰落和隨後羅馬的崛起，表明了一種強烈的連續性而不是轉變。

 


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IV. Reading ComprehensionQuestions 41-50..-阿摩線上測驗