35. In mammalian defenses against invading pathogens, all of these are considered nonspecific defense mechanisms EXCEPT
(A) acquired immunity.
(B) the skin.
(C) mucous membranes.
(D) the inflammatory response.

36. Most innate immune responses rely on (A) recognition of specific antigens. (B) pathogens being engulfed and destroyed. (C) plasma cells to secrete antibodies. (D) IgM antibodies.

37. A green plant is first grown in blue light and then in green light. The likely outcome for photosynthesis in both phases is (A) Increased plant growth in blue light and no plant growth in green light. (B) No plant growth in blue light and increased plant growth in green light. (C) Decreased plant growth in blue light and no plant growth in green light. (D) No plant growth in blue light and decreased plant growth in green light.

38. Endosperm is (A) sperm after it has entered the archegonium. (B) nutritive tissue produced within antheridia. (C) sperm cells enclosed within pollen grains. (D) tissue stored in seeds that provides nutrition for embryos.

39. The apprentice in your horticulture lab accidentally trims all of the axillary buds from a particularly prized specimen. After realizing his mistake, he rather glumly asks you, as lead horticulturalist, about the effects on the plant. You predict that (A) the plant will die rapidly from this loss. (B) the plant will regrow the lost buds. (C) the plant will continue its vertical growth and will be a tall and skinny variety. (D) the plant will continue its horizontal spread and will be a wide but short variety.

40. Plant roots that are in a horizontal position grow down because (A) cells on the upper side elongate more than those on the lower side. (B) auxins are stimulating cells on the lower side to elongate more. (C) auxins are being pulled to the upper side. (D) auxins are having no influence on this process.

41. Based on the fact that CO2 limits photosynthesis in some current environments, what might you conclude about the evolution of photosynthesis? (A) Photosynthesis evolved when environmental concentrations of CO2 were low. (B) Photosynthesis evolved when environmental concentrations of CO2 were high. (C) CO2 levels likely did not have a bearing on the evolution of photosynthesis. (D) Photosynthesis evolved in a greenhouse.

42. A turgid plant cell is one that (A) lacks a cell wall. (B) has an extra cell wall layer. (C) lacks cytosol. (D) has excess water in its cytosol.

43. Which of the following plant hormones stimulates development of an abscission zone in the leaf petiole? (A) Ethanol (B) gibberellins (C) abscisic acid (D) ethylene

44. Seeds for desert plants often germinate once abscisic acid is washed away from the seed by water. In this scenario, abscisic acid is acting as a/an (A) hormone that stimulates cell expansion. (B) germination-inhibiting compound. (C) suspensor. (D) hormone to induce the release of sugars from stored starch in the endosperm.

45. The influenza virus is typical of many animal viruses in that is has an envelope composed of lipids and glycoproteins. Which of the following statements about the envelope is ACCURATE? (A) The envelope glycoproteins are encoded by genes found in the host genome. (B) The envelope is inside the capsid. (C) The envelope is obtained from the host cell when the virus buds from the plasma membrane. (D) The envelope is obtained from the host cell upon entry into the cell.

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