38. Which of the following are involved in the development of atherosclerosis? (1) Excess LDL (2) Inflammation (3) Adhesion molecules (4) Monocytes
(A) (1), (2), and (4)
(B) (1) only
(C) (1), (2), and (3)
(D) (1), (3), and (4)
(E) All of these

34. Ketone bodies can be the fuel source to support the whole-body metabolism. Which of the following statements regarding ketone bodies is correct? (A) Acetoacetate, β-ketobutyrate, and acetone are the three main types of ketone bodies produced in the liver. (B) Ketone body production leads to a decrease in blood pH, which can result in ketoacidosis if the production exceeds the body's ability to utilize them. (C) Ketone bodies are produced during the citric acid cycle, but only when there is an excess of glucose in the body. (D) In the fasting state, the body increases ketone body production to spare glucose for the brain because ketone bodies cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. (E) Ketone bodies are synthesized from glucose in patients with diabetes because of the insufficient of insulin level.

35. Which of the following is   not   required in the biosynthesis of fatty acids? (A) Acetyl-CoA (B) Biotin (C) (D) Malonyl-CoA (E) NADH

複選題36. The enzymes of fatty acid oxidation are located in the mitochondria matrix, so free fatty acids must be transported through the shuttle into the mitochondria. Which of the following statements regarding the shuttle is correct? (A) Free fatty acid must be activated by a fatty acyl-CoA synthetase, through the hydrolysis of one high-energy bond in ATP, to yield a fatty acyl-CoA before entering the shuttle. (B) The enzyme responsible for esterifying carnitine with acyl-CoA in both inner and outer mitochondria membranes is the rate-limiting step for oxidation. (C) Coenzyme A in the cytosol is largely used in the oxidative degradation of fatty acids. (D) This shuttle plays a crucial role in transporting medium-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria for beta-oxidation. (E) Fatty acyl-CoA destined for mitochondria oxidation must be attached to carnitine to be shuttled across the inner mitochondria membrane.

37. The unsaturated fatty acid contains one or more double bonds. Which of the following statements regarding the metabolism of unsaturated fatty acid is correct? (A) The double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids are in the cis configuration, making them to easily react with hydratase for oxidation. (B) When oxidizing an unsaturated fatty acid, the double bond must be first reduced to a single bond before it can be further processed in the beta-oxidation pathway. (C) The unsaturated fatty acid, compared to saturated fatty acid with the same carbon numbers, causes a change of acetyl-CoA production in the oxidation pathway. (D) The oxidation of a monounsaturated fatty acid may skip one reaction of dehydrogenation during beta-oxidation due to the presence of the cis double bond in the fatty acid chain. (E) The oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids requires the cofactor biotin to catalyze the reaction.

39. The reactions involved in β-oxidation of fatty acids include the following: (1) Cleavage of acetyl-CoA from the fatty acid. (2) Hydration of a double bond. (3) Formation of a C-C double bond. (4) Oxidation of an alcohol. The correct order of these reactions is: (A) (1) → (2) → (3) → (4) (B) (2)→(4)→(3) → (1) (C) (1)→(4) → (3) → (2) (D) (4)→(3) → (2) → (1) (E) (3) → (2) → (4) → (1)

40. The citric acid (CA) cycle is considered part of aerobic metabolism even though oxygen does not appear explicitly in any reaction because: (A) it takes place in the mitochondrion. (B) it contains oxidation reactions. (C) the NADH and FADH2 produced are reoxidized in the electron transport chain linked to oxygen. (D) the reoxidation of NADH and FADH2 leads to the production of considerable quantities of ATP. (E) None of above is correct.

41. Which of the following statements about the Calvin cycle (CC) is correct? (A) CC is present in all photosynthetic eukaryotes and also many photosynthetic bacteria. (B) Reactions in CC utilize CO2, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate to synthesize glucose. (C) Many reshuffling reactions in CC are like those of the pentose phosphate pathway. (D) Many reactions in CC involve transaldolase and transketolase. (E) All of above are correct.

42. _____ is often used in carboxylation reactions while _____ is often used in decarboxylation reactions. (A) thiamine pyrophosphate; lipoate (B) lipoate; biotin (C) biotin; thiamine pyrophosphate (D) pyridoxal-5-phosphate; biotin (E) lipoate; pyridoxal-5-phosphate

43. All are uses of glucose-6-phosphate in liver   except  : (A) catabolized to acetyl-CoA for fatty acid biosynthesis. (B) generate NADPH and pentoses. (C) released as glucose to blood stream. (D) converted to glycogen. (E) All are true.

44. Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the conversion shown below? (A) Hexose isomerase (B) UDP-galactose 4-isomerase (C) UDP-galactose 4-mutase (D) Phosphoglucose mutase (E) UDP-glucose 4-epimerase