39.

40.

41. (A) NO CHANGE (B) afterward, (C) furthermore, (D) similarly,

42. Which choice most effectively sets up the information in the next sentence? (A) NO CHANGE (B) but as adults, their claws are large enough for the shrimp to be predators. (C) but their adaptations are not yet fully understood by the scientific community. (D) thriving in an unusual ecosystem that also includes crabs, limpets, and barnacles.

43. (A) NO CHANGE (B) those of stomach (C) the acid from stomach (D) stomach

44.(A) NO CHANGE (B) world's oceans' (C) world's oceans (D) worlds oceans

45. The writer is considering revising the underlined portion to the following:  dioxide, which increases their acidity. Should the writer make this revision here? (A) Yes, because it explains the relevance of this sentence to the point made in the paragraph. (B) Yes, because it helps the reader understand why organisms near NW Rota-1 evolved the way they did. (C)No, because it merely repeats information provided earlier in the passage without contributing to the paragraph's main idea. (D)No, because it interrupts discussion of oceanic life-forms with an irrelevant detail.

46. It can be inferred that the author of the passage mentions American Slavery, American Freedom in the second paragraph primarily in order to: (A) substantiate a point about the methodology that came to be prevalent among scholars engaged in the origins debate. (B) cite a major influence on those scholars who claimed that racial prejudice preceded the institution of slavery in colonial America. (C) show that some scholars who were engaged in the origins debate prior to the 1980s were interested in the experiences of enslaved people. (D) identify a reason for a certain difference in the late 1970s between the origins debate and the debate over American women's status. (E) contrast the kind of work produced by scholars engaged in the origins debate with the kind produced by scholars engaged in the debate over American women's status.

47. The passage suggests which of the following about the women's historians mentioned in the third paragraph? (A) They disputed certain claims regarding the status of eighteenth-century American women relative to women in England during the same period. (B) Their approach to the study of women's subordination had been partly influenced by earlier studies published by some scholars engaged in the origins debate. (C) Their work focused on the experiences of both White and African American women. (D) To some extent, they concurred with Wood and with Mullin about the origins of racism in colonial America. (E) Their approach resembled the approach taken in studies by Wood and by Mullin in that they were interested in the experiences of people subjected to a system of subordination.

48. According to the passage, historical studies of race and slavery in early America that were produced during the 1980s differed from studies of that subject produced prior to the 1980s in that the studies produced during the 1980s... (A) gave more attention to the experiences of enslaved women. (B) gave less attention to the cultures of enslaved people. (C) were read by more scholars in other fields. (D) were more concerned with the institutions and ideologies that perpetuated racial prejudice in postcolonial America. (E) made direct comparisons between the subordination of White women and the subordination of African American people.

49. In Passage 1, Tocqueville implies that treatment of men and women as identical in nature would have which consequence? (A) Neither sex would feel oppressed. (B) Both sexes would be greatly harmed. (C) Men would try to reclaim their lost authority. (D) Men and women would have privileges they do not need.

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