39. What is the primary precursor molecule for the synthesis of steroid hormones in humans?
(A) Glucose
(B) Amino acids
(C) Cholesterol
(D) Fatty acids
(E) Nucleic acids

40. Which of the following statements accurately describes the mechanism of peptide hormone-receptor interaction in signaling pathways? (A) Hormones directly enter the cell and bind to cytoplasmic receptors. (B) Hormones bind to cell surface receptors, initiating an intracellular signaling cascade. (C) Receptors are synthesized by the hormone and transported to the cell membrane. (D) Hormones and receptors undergo direct fusion for signal transduction. (E) Receptors are activated by physical contact with neighboring cells.

41. In the context of hormone signaling, what primary role does the second messenger cAMP (cyclic AMP) play? (A) Direct binding to hormone molecules. (B) Activation of receptor synthesis. (C) Amplification of intracellular signals. (D) Transport of hormones across the cell membranc. (E) Inhibition of the signal transduction pathway.

42. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of steroid hormone receptors? (A) They are primarily located on the cell membrane. (B) They typically bind to DNA and regulate gene expression. (C) They activate intracellular signaling cascades through G proteins. (D) They mediate their effects through second messengers like cAMP. (E) They are exclusively found in prokaryotic cells.

43. The anaerobic conversion of 1 mol of glucose to 2 mol of Iactate by fermentation is accompanied by a net gain of: (A) 2 mol ofATP+ 1 mol of NADH (B) 2 mol of ATP + 2 mol of NADH (C) 2 mol of NADH (D) 2 mol of ATP (E) none of the above

44. Which of the following coenzyme is NOT required by this enzyme complex to convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA? (A) Thiamine pyrophosphate (B) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (C) Lipoamide (D) Flavin adenine dinucleotide (E) none of the above

45. Which of the following is an aldopentose? (A) Glucose (B) Ribulose (C) Ribose (D) Fructose (E) none of the above

46. Which of the following statements about the TCA cycle is correct? (A) Oxygen is used to oxidize the acetyl group carbons of acetyl-CoA in the TCA cycle. (B) Three molecules of NADH and one molecule of FADH2 are produced in one turn of the TCA cycle. (C) Oxygen is not used in the TCA cycle, so the cycle can occur in anaerobic conditions. (D) The TCA cycle produces the water that is formed during the complete oxidation of glucose. (E) none of the above.

47. Which one is NOT a lipid modification for a protein: (A) Myristoylation (B) Palmitoylation (C) Isoprenylation (D) SUMOylation (E) Farnesylation

48. In prokaryotes, the small subunit of ribosome contains which rRNA: (A) 5S rRNA (B) 23S rRNA (C) 16S rRNA (D) 28S rRNA (E) 30S rRNA

49. What is the key feature for a plasmid as a useful cloning vector: (A) Origin of replication (B) Multiple cloning sites (C) Antibiotic resistance genes (D) Markers for positive and negative selection (E) All of above

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