40. Which RNA below is the most abundant in cells?
(A) mRNA.
(B) tRNA.
(C) rRNA.
(D) snRNA.

(E) siRNA.

41. Which subunit below is NOT composed of the subunits for E. coli polymerases?(A) a(B) ẞ(C) B(D) σ(E) V

42. Which description below is NOT a trans-acting factor in transcriptional regulation?(A) TATA box.(B) TBP.(C) HSF.(D) Jun.(E) Sp1.

43. Which of the descriptions below about RNA transcripts between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is INCORREСТ?(A) The mRNA in prokaryotes is processed to produce mature RNA.(B) In eukaryotes, the mRNA will add a cap at the 5' end and poly A tail at the 3' end.(C) In prokaryotes, RNA transcription occurs in the cytoplasm.(D) In eukaryotes, RNA transcription occurs in the nucleus.(E) In prokaryotes, the 23S, 16S, and 5S rRNAs are formed from a single primary transcript.

44. Which of the descriptions below about the spliceosome is WRONG?(A) Spliceosome is an RNA.(B) Spliceosome is a protein.(C) The spliceosome catalyzes the removal of DNA.(D) The spliceosome catalyzes the removal of protein.(E) None of all.

45. The secondary structure of proteins such as a-helices and ẞ-sheets is primarily stabilized by:(A) Disulfide bonds between cysteine residues.(B) Hydrophobic interactions among side chains.(C) Hydrogen bonds between backbone amide and carbonyl groups.(D) Ionic interactions between charged residues.(E) Van der Waals forces between aromatic rings.

46. Aspartate residues frequently participate in acid-base catalysis because they:(A) Are permanently negatively charged.(B) Cannot accept protons.(C) Can act as both proton donors and acceptors.(D) Are hydrophobic at physiological pH.(E) Form covalent enzyme-substrate bonds.

47. Which metabolite serves as an obligate activator of pyruvate carboxylase?(A) ATP.(B) NADH.(C) Citrate.(D) Acetyl-CoA.(E) Oxaloacetate.

48. Reduced LCAT activity most directly impairs:(A) VLDL secretion.(B) LDL receptor binding.(C) HDL maturation and cholesterol esterification.(D) Fatty acid ẞ-oxidation.(E) Bile acid synthesis.

49. Oxygen binding to hemoglobin is an example of:(A) Negative heterotropic regulation.(B) Positive homotropic regulation.(C) Competitive inhibition.(D) Irreversible activation.(E) Noncompetitive inhibition.

50. When estimating protein concentration by UV absorbance at 280 nm, which amino acid contributes most strongly?(A) Phenylalanine.(B) Tyrosine.(C) Histidine.(D) Tryptophan.(E) Arginine.

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