43. Under anaerobic conditions, skeletal muscle generates lactate from pyruvate to:
(A) lower the pH.
(B) promote release of oxygen from hemoglobin.
(C) generate additional ATP.
(D) be warning of muscle fatigue.
(E) regenerate NAD+ for further glycolysis.

1. Which description is correct? (A) α-Keratin is rich in connective tissue. (B) A protein should be dissolved in a buffer with pH higher than its pl in order to bind to a cation exchange column. (C) If protein A runs faster than protein B in SDS-PAGE, protein A must have lower molecular mass than protein B. (D) Carboxypeptidase could be used to cleave the “X-C" peptide bond (X is any residue). (E) The non-amino acid part of a conjugated protein is called its prosthetic group.

2. Choose the correct answer to describe the configuration of cellulose. (A) Gal(β1-4)Glc. (B) GlcNAc(β1→4)GlcNAc. (C) Glc(β1→4)Glc. (D) Glc(α1→4)Glc. (E) GlcNAc(α1→4)GlcNAc.

3. In the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin, the relationship between the concentration of oxygen and the fraction of binding sites occupied can best be described as: (A) hyperbolic. (B) linear with a negative slope. (C) linear with a positive slope. (D) random. (E) sigmoidal.

4. The dehydrogenase enzymes facilitate the direct transfer of hydride anion. Which of the following coenzymes is required for this transfer? (A) NAD+. (B) Folic acid. (C) Lipoic acid. (D) TPP. (E) Biotin.

5. In the biochemical reaction, ATP→ADP + Pi is an example of a(n) ______ reaction. (A) group transfer. (B) internal rearrangement. (C) free radical. (D) homolytic cleavage. (E) oxidation/reduction.

6. A monoclonal antibody differs from a polyclonal antibody in that monoclonal antibodies: (A) are labeled with chemicals that can be visualized. (B) are produced by cells from the same organism that produced the antigen. (C) are synthesized by a population of identical, or "cloned," cells. (D) are synthesized only in living organisms. (E) have only a single polypeptide chain that can recognize an antigen.

7. Consider the reaction below, which of the following statement is false? (A) Citric acid cycle is the central pathway of metabolism of the cell because its intermediates are commonly used by other metabolic reactions. (B) Citric acid cycle takes place in mitochondria matrix. (C) Citric acid cycle is amphibolic because it plays a role in both catabolism and anabolism. (D) Three NADH, 1 FADH2 and 1 GTP are generated in each cycle. (E) None of above is false.

8. A deficiency in which of the following within the mitochondrial matrix will not limit a cell's rate of oxidative phosphorylation? (A) NAD+. (B) NADH. (C) O2. (D) FADH2. (E) A deficiency in any of these will limit the rate of oxidative phosphorylation.

9. If the enthalpy change for a reaction is zero, AGº is equal to which of the following? (A)(B)(C) -ΔΗ°. (D) TΔS°. (E) -TΔS°.

10. Which lipid is not a signal messenger? (A) Phosphatidylinositol. (B) Estradiol. (C) Sphingolipid. (D) Vitamin K. (E) Eicosanoid.

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