43. What does the word “initiate” in the last paragraph mean?
(A) block
(B) follow
(C) begin
(D) disturb

39. Which of the following items is NOT increased or released after the intake of sugar? (A) insulin (B) tryptophan (C) serotonin (D) calcium

40. We can conclude that a quick energy boost results when sugar _____. (A) increases tryptophan levels (B) is moved into the cells (C) rapidly pours into the bloodstream (D) works together with starch

41. The passage suggests that a high-protein snack _____. (A) provides more long-term energy than a high-sugar snack (B) should be eaten with carbohydrates (C) is similar to a highly refined carbohydrate snack (D) contains more fat and calories than a sugary snack

42. The main idea of paragraphs 2-4 is that _____. (A) sugar is a good source of carbohydrates (B) there are a few reasons why sugar slows us down (C) sugar has several beneficial effects on the body (D) eating a moderate amount of sweets may be okay for some people

44. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? (A) Some people are so sensitive to sugar or caffeine that they feel tired, irritable, or depressed within an hour of eating even two cookies or drinking one cup of coffee. (B) Sugar is a good source of carbohydrate—the energy fuel—so why do sweets bring you down? (C) Finally, people who frequently snack on sweets are likely to consume inadequate amounts of the energizing nutrients. (D) Consuming sugar as a quick fix for dwindling energy merely results in a temporary high, but in the long run, it can initiate a vicious energy cycle.

45. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true? (A) Some patients reported the symptom of brain fog three months after their initial infection of COVID. (B) Brain fog will only affect patients with severe conditions who need a ventilator. (C) Brain fog only affects older people who need hospital care. (D) Brain fog is one of the most benign symptoms of COVID by far.

46. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true? (A) Long-haulers say brain fog is much worse than clouded thinking that accompanies hangover. (B) A neurologist says brain fog is caused by depression and anxiety. (C) Brain fog is not psychosomatic. (D) Brain fog involves real changes to the structure and chemistry of the brain.

47. According to the passage, which of the following mental abilities is NOT included in executive function? (A) memory (B) concentration (C) amnesia (D) attentiveness

48. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true? (A) Brain fog will affect people’s memory similar to the degenerative conditions like Alzheimer’s. (B) Some clinicians considered the term “brain fog” makes the conditions sound like a temporary inconvenience. (C) Some people struggle with minds that are not as quick as before after recovery from COVID. (D) Some people with brain fog find multitasking strenuous and difficult.

49. According to the passage, which of the following terms may be used to better describe the condition of “brain fog”? (A) depression (B) cognitive edifice (C) distraction (D) cognitive impairment