45.An optical fiber has a refractive index of n = 2.0, while the surrounding air has a refractive index of 1.00. If light propagates inside the fiber and is incident on the interface between the fiber and air, at what minimum angle (the critical angle) will total internal reflection occur?
(A) 15°
(B) 30°
(C) 45°
(D) 60°
(E) 89°

1.The graph shows acceleration versus time for three different objects, α, β, and γ, all of which start at rest from the same position. Which object is going fastest at the time t1? (A) object α (B) object β (C) object γ (D) objects α and γ (E) objects α, β, and γ

2.Consider a projectile launched upward near the surface of Earth from the origin at some angle θ0 to the horizontal, with initial speed v0. The horizontal position x can be calculated as x = v0cosθ0t. On the other hand, under the influence of gravity with gravitational acceleration g, the height y can be expressed by a function of x as (A)(B) (C)(D)(E)

3.A 740-kg elevator accelerates upward at 0.2 m/s2, pulled by a cable of negligible mass. Note that the acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8 m/s2. What is the tension force in the cable? (A) 74 N (B) 740 N (C) 7400 N (D) 74000 N (E) None of the above

4.Blocks of 1, 2, and 3 kg are lined up on a frictionless table, as shown in the figure, with a 12-N force applied to the leftmost block. What's the magnitude of the force that the rightmost block exerts on the middle one? (A) 1 N (B) 2 N (C) 3 N (D) 6 N (E) 12 N

5.Patients with severe leg breaks are often placed in traction, with an external force countering muscles that would pull too hard on the broken bones. In the arrangement shown in the figure, the mass m is 5 kg, and the pulleys can be considered massless and frictionless. Note that sin20° ≈ 0.34 and sin70° ≈ 0.94. What is the horizontal traction force applied to the leg? About (A) 20 N (B) 40 N (C) 60 N (D) 80 N (E) 100 N

6.An elastic cord used in bungee jumping is normally 10 m long and has spring constant k = 250 N/m. At the lowest point in a jump, the cord length has doubled. How much work has been done on the cord? (A) 2.5 kJ (B) 12.5 kJ (C) 25 kJ (D) 125 kJ (E) 250 kJ

7.A 1.5-tonne car accelerates from 10 to 20 m/s in 10 s on a flat road. How much work is done on the car? (A) 225 J (B) 2.25 kJ (C) 22.5 kJ (D) 225 kJ (E) 2.25 MJ

8.Based on Newton's law of universal gravitation and Newton's second law of motion, Kepler’s third law = constant, where r is the radius of the circular path and T is the orbital period, can be derived. The constant, , should be (A)(B)(C)(D)(E)

9.A rocket is launched vertically upward at velocity v around the surface of Earth. The constant of universal gravitation, the radius of Earth, and the mass of Earth are G, , respectively. Neglect the air resistance and friction. What is the maximum height it can reach? (A)(B)(C)(D)(E)

10.In the figure, blocks B and C have masses 2m and m, respectively, and are at rest on a frictionless surface. Block A, also of mass m, is heading at speed v toward block B. Assume all collisions are elastic. After all subsequent collisions are over, which of the following final velocity is necessarily true? (A)(B) (C) (D)(E)

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