48. How long has passed between the birth of the Earth and the start of life?
(A) 80 trillion years
(B) 8 trillion years
(C) 80 million years
(D) 800 million years

44. According to this article, what are the people who were most likely killed by the eruption? (A) middle-class (B) landowners (C) poor people (D) royalties

45. What is the alternative explanation about the findings? (A) People like to put their money in real estate and sustenance. (B) commercial activities are less common than previously thought. (C) Pompeiians do not have the culture of carrying a large sum of money. (D) All of the above

46. How does the Google Doc example help the reader understand "decentralized distribution"? (A) All users are equal (B) All users have to wait in line to access the information (C) Users can lock each other out from the information (D) All users with access can view and edit the shared information

47. Which of the following is a benefit of blockchain transactions, according to these passages? (A) immutability (B) speed (C) transparency (D) all of the above 

49. Why is it important to explain the origin of RNA in the search for the origin of life? (A) Its complexity demands a theory (B) RNA is found in ancient glass shards (C) RNA is the energy source for primordial life forms. (D) RNA is more structurally complicated than DNA

50. How do the top scientists in the search for the origin of life feel about the discovery described in the article? (A) Everyone thinks this is true (B) Everyone thinks this is false (C) Some scientists are doubtful (D) Some scientists are scared

1. Organelles other than the nucleus that contain DNA include (A) ribosomes. (B) chloroplasts. (C) mitochondria. (D) B and C only (E) A, B, and C

2. In the fractionation of homogenized cells using centrifugation, the primary factor that determines whether a specific cellular component ends up in the supernatant or the pellet is (A) the percentage of carbohydrates in the component. (B) the number of enzymes in the fraction. (C) the presence or absence of lipids in the component. (D) the size and weight of the component. (E) the relative solubility of the component.

3. In plants the conservation of water promotes (A) photorespiration. (B) photosynthesis. (C) the opening of stomata. (D) the light reactions. (E) a shift to photosynthesis.

4. Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between cyclic and noncyclic electron flow? (A) Only noncyclic electron flow produces ATP. (B) In addition to ATP, cyclic electron flow also produces NADPH. (C) Chemiosmosis is unique to noncyclic electron flow. (D) Only cyclic electron flow can operate in the absence of photosystem II. (E) Only cyclic electron flow utilizes light at 700 nm.