49 下列那一個國家是內閣制國家？
(A)委內瑞拉
(B)哥倫比亞
(C)冰島
(D)哥斯大黎加

50 下列那一個國家不是杭廷頓所論述第一波民主化逆流的國家？ (A)德國 (B)義大利 (C)捷克 (D)葡萄牙

1. Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition? (A) mitochondrion (B) lysosome (C) endoplasmic reticulum (D) Golgi apparatus (E) ribosome

2. Several of the different globin genes are expressed in humans, but at different times in development. What mechanism could allow this? (A) pseudogene activation (B) exon shuffling (C) differential translation of mRNAs (D) differential gene regulation over time (E) natural selection

3. Most causes of speciation are relatively slow, in that they may take many generations to see changes, with the exception of ______. (A) colonization (B) sexual selection (C) reinforcement (D) natural selection (E) polyploidy

4. Leaf thickness represents a trade-off between ______. (A) water retention and carbon dioxide absorption (B) light collection and carbon dioxide absorption (C) water retention and oxygen absorption (D) light collection and oxygen absorption (E) light collection and water retention

5. What is the only type of chemical signal that does not alter the physiology of the animal producing that signal? (A) paracrine (B) pheromones (C) neuroendocrine (D) neural (E) none of above

6. Which of the following causes populations to shift most quickly from an exponential to a logistic population growth? (A) competition for resources (B) favorable climatic conditions (C) decreased death rate (D) removal of predators (E) increased birth rate

7. Matter is gained or lost in ecosystems. How does this occur? (A) Heterotrophs convert heat to energy. (B) Photosynthetic organisms convert solar energy to sugars. (C) Chemoautotrophic organisms can convert matter to energy. (D) Matter can be moved from one ecosystem to another. (E) Detrivores convert matter to energy.

8. Which of the following provides the best evidence of a biodiversity crisis? (A) the incursion of a non-native species (B) climate change (C) increasing pollution levels (D) decrease in regional productivity (E) high rate of extinction

9. An earthquake decimates a ground-squirrel population, killing 98% of the squirrels. The surviving population happens to have broader stripes, on average, than the initial population. If broadness of stripes is genetically determined, what effect has the ground-squirrel population experienced during the earthquake? (A) disruptive selection (B) a genetic bottleneck (C) directional selection (D) a founder event (E) stabilizing selection

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