49. In Sanger (enzymatic extension) sequencing, what causes DNA synthesis to terminate at a specific base?
(A) Chemicals that cleave DNA after particular bases.
(B) Fluorescent chemicals.
(C) Nucleotide triphosphates that lack a base.
(D) Nucleotide triphosphates that lack a hydroxyl.

1. Phosphorylation is an important covalent modification of cellular proteins, which can regulate the activity of many proteins. Protein phosphorylation is mediated by protein kinases in the present of ATP/. If you want to -label a substrate protein by its upstream kinase, what kind of ATP should be used in the reaction? (A) (B) (C) (D)

2. Dialysis bag is usually used for concentrating proteins from diluted biological samples. The dialysis bag has different pore sizes, and choice of pore size of dialysis bag is dependent on the molecular weight of the protein to be concentrated. If you want to concentrate a protein having 50 amino acid residues, what pore size of dialysis bag can not be used? (A) 1000 (B) 2000 (C) 4000 (D) 8000

3. A synthetic peptide has the following amino acid sequence: GYTVLKEEDFLSWRIMCQQNIGAR. If this peptide is digested completely by trypsin, how many fragments can be generated? (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

4. What kind of solution is usually used to disrupt the cell membrane of mammalian cells? (A) Phosphate buffer saline (B) 0.1% EtBr (C) 0.1% Triton X-100 (D) 1% HCl

5. What kind of reagent is the most sensitive one to detect proteins resolved in SDS-gel? (A) Silver Nitrate (B) EtBr (C) Coomassie blue (D) Amido Black

6. "Catalytic antibody" is a kind of antibody with enzyme activity that can trigger the following reaction: A→B→C, where A, B and C represent reactant, intermediate and product, respectively. What is the antigen that is used to generate this "catalytic antibody"? (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) A+B+C

7. The structure of myoglobulin contains a protoporphyrin group, which is used to bind oxygen. Several important amino acid side chains are required to hold the protoporphyrin group and oxygen inside the myoglobulin. Please point out what is the amino acid side chain indicated by an arrow (see below) in this core structure? (A) Tyr (B) Phe (C) His (D) Thr

8. Antibodies are important research tools in biomedical research. If you want to determine the molecular weight of a specific antigen, what kind of experiment is the most suitable one to get this information? (A) Northern Blot (B) Immunofluorescence (C) EMSA (D) Western Blot

9. Shown here is a sigmoid (cooperative) binding curve when hemoglobin binds oxygen in the presence of different pO2. Please calculate how may percentage of oxygen can be released from hemoglobin when the pO2 is reduced from 8 kPa to 2 kPa. (A) 40% (B) 50% (C) 60% (D) 70%

10. In β-oxidation, long-chain fatty acids are activated to acyl-CoAs and the acyl group is further transferred to carnitine because: (A) Fatty acids can not be oxidized by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase unless they are in the acyl-carnitine form. (B) Acyl-CoAs easily cross the mitochondrial membrane, but the fatty acids themselves will not. (C) Carnitine is required to oxidize to NADH. (D) Acyl-carnitines readily cross the mitochondrial inner membrane, but acyl-CoAs do not.

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