出處: Ingram, R. E., & Price, J. M. (Eds.). (2010). Vulnerability to psychopathology: Risk across the lifespan (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. CHAPTER 1 --the relationships among Vulnerability, risk, and resilience, p11-12.
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Vulnerability and risk are not synonymous(選項A). We argue, as have others (e.g., Cicchetti & Valentino, 2006), that the concept of risk refers to variables that are empirically associated with a greater likelihood of experiencing a disorder (e.g., poverty and stress as they relate to social injustice).
出處: Ingram, R. E., & Price, J. M. (Eds.). (2010). Vulnerability to psychopathology: Risk across the lifespan (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. CHAPTER 1 --the relationships among Vulnerability, risk, and resilience, p11-12.
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Vulnerability and risk are not synonymous(選項A). We argue, as have others (e.g., Cicchetti & Valentino, 2006), that the concept of risk refers to variables that are empirically associated with a greater likelihood of experiencing a disorder (e.g., poverty and stress as they relate to social injustice).
Risk thus serves broadly to predict the likelihood of dysfunction. However, it is not informative about the actual mechanisms of a disorder. That is, risk tells us that someone may develop a disorder but not specifically how or why the disorder occurs. Thus, risk refers to descriptive variables rather than causal ones. . .
We have argued that risk represents a descriptive factor rather than a causal one, and that as an endogenous factor, only vulnerability can play a causal role. Yet, data have shown that risk variables both can predict the onset of psychopathology and are correlated with vulnerability.(選項C與D)
Such findings may make it tempting to suggest that risk variables might in fact have causal significance. Rutter et al. (1988), however, cautions against drawing causal inferences solely from risk variables that appear linked to a disorder.
To illustrate this point, Rutter (1988) notes findings indicating that test results on a national examination were superior for schools where the children's work was exhibited on the walls (Rutter, Maughan, Mortimore, & Ouston, 1979).
This positive association constituted an empirical predictor of better test performance, but few would argue that putting children's work on the wall "caused" the improvement in their test grades. Rather, such behavior was indicative of an enhanced school atmosphere that perhaps had some causal link to better performance.
In sum, then, risk is an important predictive variable that tends to operate in concert with vulnerability, but it is uninformative, either theoretically or empirically, about mechanisms. "Vulnerability," on the other hand, is a term that should be reserved for discussion of the mechanisms implicated in the onset or maintenance of a disorder. (選項B) ------------------ PS :108-1臨床心理總論一39題