臨床心理學總論(一)題庫下載題庫

出處：
Ingram, R. E., & Price, J. M. (Eds.). (2010). Vulnerability to psychopathology:
Risk across the lifespan (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
CHAPTER 1 --the relationships among  Vulnerability, risk, and resilience,
p11-12.

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Vulnerability and risk are not synonymous(選項A).
We argue, as have others (e.g., Cicchetti & Valentino, 2006),
that the concept of risk refers to variables that are empirically
associated with a greater likelihood of experiencing a disorder
(e.g., poverty and stress as they relate to social injustice).

Risk thus serves broadly to predict th...

出處：
Ingram, R. E., & Price, J. M. (Eds.). (2010). Vulnerability to psychopathology:
Risk across the lifespan (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
CHAPTER 1 --the relationships among  Vulnerability, risk, and resilience,
p11-12.

-------------
擷取前後文：

Vulnerability and risk are not synonymous(選項A).
We argue, as have others (e.g., Cicchetti & Valentino, 2006),
that the concept of risk refers to variables that are empirically
associated with a greater likelihood of experiencing a disorder
(e.g., poverty and stress as they relate to social injustice).

Risk thus serves broadly to predict the likelihood of dysfunction.
However, it is not informative about the actual mechanisms of a disorder.
That is, risk tells us that someone may develop a disorder but not specifically
how or why the disorder occurs. Thus, risk refers to descriptive variables
rather than causal ones.
.
.

We have argued that risk represents a descriptive factor
rather than a causal one, and that as an endogenous factor,
only vulnerability can play a causal role. Yet, data have shown
that risk variables both can predict the onset of psychopathology
and are correlated with vulnerability.(選項C與D)

Such findings may make it tempting to suggest that risk variables
might in fact have causal significance. Rutter et al. (1988), however,
cautions against drawing causal inferences solely from risk variables
that appear linked to a disorder.

To illustrate this point, Rutter (1988) notes findings indicating that
test results on a national examination were superior for schools
where the children's work was exhibited on the walls (Rutter, Maughan,
Mortimore, & Ouston, 1979).

This positive association constituted an empirical predictor of
better test performance, but few would argue that putting children's
work on the wall "caused" the improvement in their test grades.
Rather, such behavior was indicative of an enhanced school
atmosphere that perhaps had some causal link to better performance.

In sum, then, risk is an important predictive variable that tends to
operate in concert with vulnerability, but it is uninformative, either
theoretically or empirically, about mechanisms. "Vulnerability,"
on the other hand, is a term that should be reserved for discussion of
the mechanisms implicated in the onset or maintenance of a disorder.
(選項B)
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PS  ：108-1臨床心理總論一39題