61. What formula correctly represents the behavior of CO₂ in the blood?
(A) CO₂ + H₂O « H₂CO₃ + CO
(B) CO₂ + H⁺ « HCO₃ ⁺ « H₂O + H₂CO₃
(C) CO₂ + HCO₃ ^- « H⁺ + H₂O + H₂CO₃
(D) CO₂ + H₂O « H₂CO₃ « HCO₃ ^- + H⁺

62. Which structure of the reproductive system is treated as needing special protection during hemorrhage, much like the brain or heart? (A) Placenta (B) Ovaries (C) Testes (D) Uterus

63. After an animal has a hemorrhage, where does the fluid portion of blood come from, as blood volume is restored? (A) Interstitial fluid (B) Bone marrow (C) Intestines (D)Stomach

64. Why is a drop in blood pressure potentially dangerous? (A) Active cells, like those in the brain, need a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients. (B) Once pressure drops, it can take hours to increase it again. (C) Low blood pressure leads to gas bubbles in the blood that can cause a stroke or the “bends”. (D) If pressure is not high enough, blood vessels collapse and can become stuck closed.

65. What is peristalsis? (A) a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine (B) voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation (C) the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vein (D) smooth muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal

66. Cats cannot synthesize the amino acid taurine. This means that in cats, taurine (A) is not a required nutrient. (B) is an essential amino acid. (C) must be stored in cellular compartments. (D) is not present in their normal diet.

67. "Gluconeogenesis" is the process in which (A) glucose levels are increased in the blood through the breakdown of carbohydrates. (B) glucose levels are decreased in the blood through the breakdown of carbohydrates. (C) glucose levels are increased in the blood by synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources. (D) glucose levels are decreased in the blood by synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources.

68. The energy expenditure of a mammal at rest, in the postabsorptive state, and at a standard temperature is referred to as its (A) basal metabolic rate. (B) standardized metabolic rate. (C) baseline metabolic rate. (D) activated metabolic rate.

69. The main DISADVANTAGE of excessive gluconeogenesis during prolonged postabsorptive periods is that (A) continued protein breakdown can impair enzymatic activity and plasma membrane functions. (B) carbohydrate buildup in the liver impairs its function. (C) the brain is exposed to levels of glucose that are too high. (D) tissues other than the brain increase glucose utilization.

70. Which of the following hormones stimulates uterine contractions during the birth process in mammals? (A) oxytocin (B) testosterone (C) FHS (D) chorionic gonadotropin

71. In female mammals, germ cells (A) are not produced until puberty. (B) are arrested in meiosis I until puberty. (C) develop into fully mature gametes before birth. (D) arrested in meiosis II until puberty.

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