7. The route that most accurately describes secretory protein movement through the endomembrane system would be
(A) Golgi apparatus→smooth endoplasmic reticulum →lysosome→vesicles→plasma membrane.
(B) plasmid→plasma membrane→nuclear envelope→smooth endoplasmic reticulum→vesicles.
(C) nuclear envelope→vesicles→Golgi apparatus→rough endoplasmic reticulum→plasma membrane.
(D) rough endoplasmic reticulum→vesicles→ Golgi apparatus→vesicles →plasma membrane.

8. The signal recognition particle (SRP) functions in (A) recognizing an ER signal sequence and binding to an SRP receptor in the ER. (B) binding to a newly translated protein and escorting it to the cell membrane, the cytoplasm, or the Golgi. (C) determining the destination of a vesicle that buds from the Golgi. (D) marking an organelle for destruction by lysosomes.

9. Animal cells are permeable to water and urea but NOT to sucrose. Initially, the inside of a cell contains 1 M sucrose and 1 M urea and the outside 2 M sucrose and 1 M urea. After the system reaches equilibrium, what changes are observed? (A) The molarity of urea would be higher outside than inside the cell. (B) The molarity of sucrose would be similar inside and outside the cell. (C) Water would move out of the cell causing the cell to shrivel. (D) The molarity of sucrose would be similar inside and outside the cell and water would move out of the cell causing the cell to shrivel.

10. The plasma membrane (A) is composed of an extracellular and intracellular layer of phospholipids. (B) has extracellular and intracellular layers or leaflets that are highly symmetrical. (C) uses cholesterol as its primary lipid. (D) contains cellulose.

11. What happens next after the hormone glucagon binds to a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)? (A) The G-protein loses GDP and gains GTP becoming activated. (B) The G-protein loses GTP and gains GDP becoming activated. (C) The G-protein loses GDP and gains GTP becoming inactivated. (D) The G-protein loses GTP and gains GDP becoming inactivated.

12. Epinephrine blocks the contraction of muscles in the airways. Which of the other activities of epinephrine is most likely to be regulated by the same type of pathway? (A) promotes the breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle cells (B) inhibition of saliva production in salivary glands (C) stimulation of heart muscle cell contraction (D) increased sweating

13. In a developing human embryo, the hands and feet resemble mittens, with cells and tissues present between the fingers and toes. When a baby is born, these cells are not present, resulting in distinct fingers and toes. In the development of fingers and toes these cells were lost by (A) cell division. (B) cell connections. (C) cell morphology. (D) apoptosis.

14. The major macromolecules of the ECM are (A) polysaccharides and proteins. (B) polysaccharides and fat. (C) fat and proteins. (D) fat and nucleotides.

15. Why is there a need to produce Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand, but not on the leading strand of DNA? (A) The two parental strands of DNA are antiparallel and DNA polymerase makes DNA in the 5′ to 3′ direction only. (B) It is substantially more efficient to make several shorter strands rather than one longer strand of DNA. (C) There is not enough cellular DNA ligase for bonding Okazaki fragments together if they were produced from both parental strands. (D) By having one leading strand and one lagging strand the cell can limit the amount of DNA polymerase used for chromosomal replication.

16. Which of the following statements best describes DNA polymerase? (A) It is an enzyme required to produce a primer needed for DNA replication. (B) It is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the 5′ end of a growing DNA strand. (C) It is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the 3′ end of a growing DNA strand. (D) It is an enzyme required to glue pieces of DNA fragments together.

17. Wild type bread mold can grow in a minimal medium without supplements, while certain mutated strains can only grow in a minimal medium that is supplemented with specific intermediates. See the figure below for an overview of the arginine biosynthetic pathway. A strain that can grow in a minimal medium containing arginine, but NOT in minimal media containing citrulline nor in minimal media containing ornithine would have a mutation in the gene that encodes for ________. Precursor $\xrightarrow{\text{Enzyme 1}}$ Ornithine $\xrightarrow{\text{Enzyme 2}}$ Citrulline $\xrightarrow{\text{Enzyme 3}}$ Arginine(A) enzyme 1. (B) enzyme 2. (C) enzyme 3. (D) both enzymes 1 and 3.

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