73. Many small creatures that live in temporary puddles can reproduce asexually at least occasionally. Why might this be a useful strategy for a puddle-dweller?
(A) Puddles are very stable environments, so well adapted creatures should maintain their genes without mixing.
(B) A single individual can quickly populate a transient environment.
(C) Using asexual reproduction increases genetic variety and thus adaptability.
(D) In asexual reproduction, the mother can choose the best of each chromosome to make the ideal haploid individual.

74. A mutation in mice leads to overgrowth of the Sertoli cells, so they span across the diameter of the seminiferous tubules. What phenotype would you expect to see? (A) infertility due to lack of mature oocytes (B) overproduction of sperm, so they clog the bulbourethral gland (C) overproduction of testosterone (D) infertility due to lack of mature sperm entering the epididymis

75. A scientist is studying several areas along an elevation gradient. Her study involves prescribed burns (purposefully set, low-intensity fires) in the different areas, followed by a comparison of the type and abundance of organisms that colonize them over the next ten years. What scale best describes her study? (A) Physiological ecology (B) Ecosystem ecology (C) Organismal ecology (D) Community ecology

76. Most bird species that form flocks show a negative relationship between flock size and individual vigilance (i.e., the larger the flock, the less often an individual lifts its head to scan the surrounding environment). However, some bird species have shown a positive relationship between flock size and individual vigilance. The positive relationship is particularly strong when flocks are space-constrained, such as in small ponds or fields. What is the most likely explanation for this? (A) As flock size increases, the number of "cheaters" increases, so individuals must spend more time scanning for predators. (B) As flock size increases, the risk for interference and aggression between members increases, so individuals must scan for both conspecifics and predators. (C) As flock size increases, the risk of predation for any given member increases, so individuals must spend more time scanning for predators. (D) As flock size increases, mating opportunities decrease, so individuals must spend more time scanning for potential mates.

77. Lions, leopards, and other large terrestrial predators generally maintain well-defined territories. What kind of dispersion pattern would you expect this to produce? (A) clumped (B) clustered (C) uniform (D) random

78. The nitrogen-limitation hypothesis states that organisms select food in terms of the nitrogen content of the tissue. Why might this be true? (A) Because many consumers need large amounts of nitrogen; for example, animal tissue contains about 10 times as much nitrogen as plant tissue. (B) Because most organisms are able to "fix" nitrogen more efficiently than plants. (C) Because foods with lower nitrogen content are easier for consumers to digest, leading most organisms to seek out low nitrogen foods. (D) Because high nitrogen levels are a key part of plant chemical defenses, resulting in organisms avoiding high nitrogen plants.

79. Community A and Community B both have 54 beetle species, but Community A has more total individuals than Community B. If you were to calculate the Shannon diversity index for both communities, what would be the result? (A) Community B would have a higher Shannon index value. (B) Community A would have a higher Shannon index value. (C) Community A and B would have equal values for the Shannon index. (D) Cannot predict the result based on this information.

80. In the northeastern Pacific ocean, sea otters occur at a relatively low abundance. By preying upon sea urchins, sea otters maintain underwater kelp (large algae) "forests", which would otherwise be decimated by the herbivorous sea urchins. The kelp forests supply food for a wide variety of marine organisms, as well as providing refuge from predation and nursery habitat for juveniles. Based on this, what type of species best describes sea otters? (A) indicator species (B) flagship species (C) keystone species (D) dominant species

1. Reptiles can be _______ from other mammals by the fact that they are cold-blooded and have scales. (A) distinguished (B) constricted (C) classified (D) survived

2. The number of red blood cells may _______ according to oxygen content. (A) estimate (B) distinguish (C) vary (D) adapt

3. Microbiology is the study of organisms at a _______ level. (A) characteristic (B) identical (C) microscopic (D) cellular

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