76.Fertilization of an ovum normally occurs in the
(A) uterus;
(B) ovary;
(C) oviduct;
(D) vagina.

77.In your biology lab, you are given a vial that contains fish urine. Your assignment is to predict whether the urine came from a fresh- or saltwater species. You discover that the urine contains a high concentration of salts. What is your prediction for the fish's habitat? What is the concentration of solutes in the fish relative to its environment? (A) Freshwater; hypoosmotic; (B) Freshwater; hyperosmotic; (C) Marine; hypoosmotic; (D) Marine; hyperosmotic.

78.Classical conditioning such as the salivating of Pavlov's dog in response to a metronome is based on a(n) (A) operant condition; (B) sign stimulus; (C) involuntary response; (D) dishabituation.

79.What is the process through which many animals develop irreversible speciesspecific behavior patterns? (A) altruism; (B) imprinting; (C) operant conditioning; (D) cognitive learning.

80.In the island biogeography model, species richness is a balance between (A) immigration and extinction; (B) inhibition and facilitation; (C) emigration and speciation; (D) tolerance and inhibition.

1. Which of the following correctly describes the net yield of ATP equivalents during complete oxidation of one molecule of palmitate (C16:0) under aerobic conditions? (A) 96 ATP (B) 106 ATP (C) 129 ATP (D) 148 ATP

2. In the TCA cycle, which enzyme catalyzes a reaction that directly produces GTP (or ATP) via substrate-level phosphorylation? (A) Isocitrate dehydrogenase (B) α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (C) Succinyl-CoA synthetase (D) Malate dehydrogenase

3. Which of the following is NOT a regulatory mechanism of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex activity? (A) Inhibition by acetyl-CoA (B) Phosphorylation by PDH kinase (C) Allosteric activation by cAMP (D) Stimulation by NAD+

4. During prolonged fasting, gluconeogenesis is critical for maintaining blood glucose. Which enzyme bypasses the irreversible step of glycolysis catalyzed by pyruvate kinase? (A) Pyruvate carboxylase (B) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) (C) Both A and B (D) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

5. The pentose phosphate pathway produces NADPH for biosynthetic reactions. Which enzyme is the major regulatory point of this pathway? (A) Transketolase (B) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (C) 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (D) Ribulose-5-phosphate isomerase

6. Which of the following correctly describes the role of carnitine in fatty acid metabolism? (A) It activates fatty acids for β-oxidation (B) It transports fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix (C) It inhibits acetyl-CoA carboxylase (D) It is a cofactor for fatty acid synthase

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