8. Ketogenic amino acids are degraded to which of the following metabolites?
(A) pyruvate
(B) acetyl-CoA
(C) acetoacetate
(D) all of the above
(E) B and C

4. Excess alcohol consumption can lead to Wernicke-Korsaff syndrome due to the lack of the vitamin thiamine. Which of the following metabolic conversions cannot occur in the absence of thiamine? (A) Pyruvate + CO2 → oxaloacetate (B) Pyruvate → acetyl-CoA + CO2 (C) a-ketoglutarate → succinyl-CoA + CO2 (D) Phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2 → oxaloacetate (E) B and C

5. The ultimate reductant in synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides is: (A)FADH2 (B) NADH (C) NADPH (D) quinine (E) none of the above

6. Tryptophan is a precursor for the neurotransmitter(s) (A)serotonin (B) norepinephrine (C) adenine (D) all of the above (E) none of the above

7. The carbon skeletons for amino acids are intermediates found in (A) glycolysis (B) citric acid cycle (C) pentose phosphate pathway (D) all of the above (E) none of the above.

9. Two-dimensional electrophoresis is a combination of what two techniques? (A)isoelectric focusing and affinity chromatography (B) ion-exchange chromatography and SDS-PAGE (C) affinity chromatography and SDS-PAGE (D) isoelectric focusing and SDS-PAGE (E) isoelectric focusing and ion-exchange chromatography

10. The use of synthetic peptides includes (A)use as antigens for making antibodies (B) drugs (C) "hooks" used in purification (D) all of the above (E) A and C

11. Which of the following describes the Bohr effect? (A) Lowering the pH results in the release of O2 from oxyhemoglobin. (B) Increasing the pressure of CO2 results in the release of O2 from oxyhemoglobin. (C) Increasing the pH increases the T-form of hemoglobin. (D) All of the above. (E) A and B.

12. Which of the following is not correct concerning the oxygenation plot of proteins X and Y shown below? (A) Protein X exhibits tighter oxygen binding than protein Y. (B) Protein Y would function as a better transport protein than protein X. (C) Protein X exhibits cooperative binding, whereas Y does not. (D) Protein X corresponds to myoglobin, and protein Y corresponds to hemoglobin. (E) Protein Y contains multiple binding sites.

13. Metal ion catalysis is facilitated by any of several mechanisms, including (A)electrophilic activity, which stabilizes negative charges on an intermediate. (B) promoting formation of nucleophiles by affecting adjacent molecules. (C) direct binding to substrate, increasing substrate-enzyme contacts. (D) A and C. (E) all of the above.

14. Restriction endonucleases cut DNA at specific sites. How many different patterns can be formed by a four-base sequence combination of any four bases? (A) 64 (B) 256 (C) 16 (D) 1024 (E) 4096