8.Which amino acid acts as a helix breaker due to its unique structure?
(A) Histidine,
(B) Tyrosine,
(C) Arginine,
(D) Serine,
(E) Proline.

9. Which enzyme is not involved the carbon fixation of the Calvin cycle in C4 plants? (A) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, (B) NADP-dependent malic enzyme,(C)Pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK), (D) NADP-malate dehydrogenase, (E) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC).

10. Which descriptions about the non-cyclic photophosphorylation is not correct? (A) PSI and PSII are involved, (B) electron travels back to PSI, (C) electron from PSII is accepted by NADP+, (D) ATP is produced, (E) water splitting is involved.

11. After glycolysis, the generated pyruvate must be oxidized into which molecule before entering the TCA cycle? (A) succinyl-CoA, (B) nicotine adenine dinucleotide, (C) coenzyme A, (D) acetyl-CoA, (E) ATP.

12. Which process releases dinitrogen gas (N2) back into the atmosphere? (A) Denitrification,(B) nitrogen fixation, (C) decay, (D) nitrification, (E) nitrogen assimilation.

13. If an error is made during replication that is not caught by DNA polymerase, the most likely is that________. (A) both strands of DNA will be mutated (B) only the daughter strand will be mutated (C) a mutation that causes cancer will occur (D)DNA ligase will repair the mistake before a mutation occurs (E) DNA replication will stall indefinitely

14. Homeotic genes encode which type of protein? (A) transcription factors (B) ribosomal proteins (C) channel proteins (D)membrane-associated proteins (E) DNA methylases

15. As the polypeptide is elongating during translation, what is the ribosome doing? (A)removing incorrectly added amino acids (B) moving along the mRNA transcript bonding amino acids to each other (C) travelling back and forth between the nucleus and the growing polypeptide with information on which amino acids to add (D) removing the noncoding introns (E) breaking hydrogen bonds between the tRNA and the mRNA

16. How do steroid hormones differ from those derived from amino acids? (A)Steroid hormones are not derived from organic molecules. (B) Steroid hormones do not bind to plasma membrane receptors. (C) Steroid hormones use a second messenger system. (D) Steroid hormones do not travel in the blood. (E) Steroid hormones do not require receptors to function.

17. Cholesterol is the precursor for the following lipids, EXCEPT_______. (A) cortisol, (B) estradiol, (C) cholic acid, (D) progesterone,(E) cardiolipin.

18. Which lipid is not the major component of biological membranes? (A) lysophospholipid, (B) phosphatidylcholine, (C) phosphatidylethanolamine, (D) sphingolipid, (E) cholesterol.

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