IV. Reading 61-65) Attention deficit ..-阿摩線上測驗

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IV. Reading 61-65) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), sometimes referred to as attention deficit disorder (ADD), is a mental disorder in which an individual displays a pattern of age inappropriate hyperactivity, impulsivity, or inattention. The symptoms of ADHD must present themselves before the age of 12, and they must occur in multiple settings (e.g. at home and school, not just at home). A meta-analysis of genetic studies found that ADHD is highly heritable. Environmental factors—such as the use of alcohol and tobacco during pregnancy –contribute to the presentation of ADHD, but genetics play a more prominent role. About 6 percent of people in the United States under the age of 18 meet the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for ADHD, and males are about three times more likely to be diagnosed. Treatment for ADHD includes social interventions (psychotherapy, behavioral interventions, parent training, and education) and medication. Social interventions and medication can both be effective on their own, but a combination of the two modalities tends to be the most effective. Behavioral interventions and psychotherapy have been found to be very effective for the treatment of mild ADHD symptoms. In the treatment of children with ADHD, it is essential to include parents in the process. In addition to behavioral interventions, parents and children can benefit from education about ADHD. Many parents will have difficulty responding to their children with ADHD because they are under the impression that the child is intentionally being disrespectful or disruptive. Education about the biological causes and symptoms of ADHD can help reduce tension in parent-child relationships. It helps parents to know that their child isn't simply trying to be a nuisance, but that they have a physical limitation that makes it very difficult to control their behavior. Children with ADHD can benefit from therapy focused on social skills training. Role-playing, modeling of good behavior, practicing conversation skills such as listening and waiting to speak, conflict management education, and emotional management skills can all help children reduce the impact of their symptoms. Medication has been found to be effective for about 80 percent of those with ADHD, but there have been mixed findings regarding the long-term effects of its use. Medication can improve a child's ability to focus, control impulsive behavior, and decrease excessive motor behavior. That being said, they are not magic pills that make children behave well and become effective students. These abilities are better fostered through parenting skills.
【題組】62.What are possible treatments for ADHD?
(A) Psychotherapy.
(B) Behavioral interventions.
(C) Medication.
(D) All of the above.

教甄◆英文-國小- 104 年 - 104 臺南市市立國民小學暨幼兒園教師聯合甄選：英語文#23088

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注意缺陷多動障礙（ADHD），有時也稱為註意缺陷多動症（ADD），是一種精神障礙，其中個體顯示出年齡不當的過度活躍，衝動或註意力不集中的模式。 ADHD的症狀必須在12歲之前出現，並且必須在多種情況下發生（例如，在家中和學校，而不僅僅是在家中）。基因研究的薈萃分析發現，ADHD具有高度遺傳性。環境因素（例如在懷孕期間使用菸酒）會導致注意力缺陷多動症的出現，但是遺傳因素起著更為重要的作用。在美國18歲以下的人群中，約有6％的人符合ADHD的DSM-IV診斷標準，而男性被診斷出的可能性大約是三倍。 ADHD的治療包括社會干預（心理治療，行為乾預，父母培訓和教育）和藥物治療。社交干預和藥物治療都可以單獨有效，但是兩種方法的結合往往是最有效的。行為乾預和心理治療已被發現對於治療輕度ADHD症狀非常有效。在治療多動症兒童時，必須讓父母參與進來。除了行為乾預之外，父母和孩子還可以從有關多動症的教育中受益。許多父母對孩子患有多動症的反應會很困難，因為他們對孩子有故意不敬或破壞性的印象。有關多動症的生物學原因和症狀的教育可以幫助減輕親子關係中的緊張感。它可以幫助父母知道他們的孩子並不僅僅是在討厭自己，而是身體上的限制使他們很難控制自己的行為。患有多動症的兒童可以從專注於社交技能訓練的治療中受益。角色扮演，良好行為榜樣，練習對話技巧（例如聽和說的話），衝突管理教育和情感管理技巧，都可以幫助孩子減輕症狀的影響。已經發現藥物對患有多動症的人中約有80％有效，但是就其長期使用效果而言，人們的研究結果參差不齊。藥物治療可以提高孩子的專注力，控制衝動行為並減少過度的運動行為。話雖這麼說，它們不是使孩子表現良好並成為有效學生的神奇藥丸。通過育兒技能可以更好地培養這些能力。

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IV. Reading 61-65) Attention deficit ..-阿摩線上測驗

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