9. Carotenoids have primary roles in photosynthesis as:
(A) accessory light-harvesting and photooxidation
(B) accessory light-harvesting and photoprotection from reactive oxygen species
(C) resonance transfer pigments and photooxidation
(D) resonance transfer and photodiffusion protection
(E) none are true.

1. Which of the following monosaccharide is the most stable in nature? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

2. Which of the following statements about membrane lipids is FALSE? (A) Plasma membranes are enriched in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. (B) Lipid compositions are not evenly distributed in different organelles. (C) The membrane fluidity is enhanced by the increase of saturation in phospholipids. (D) The inner leaflet and the outer leaflet of plasma membranes have different lipid compositions. (E) Most membrane lipids are amphipathic.

3. Which of the following method can be used to predict membrane protein topology? (A) Hydropathy plot (B) Determination of melting point (C) Ramachandran plot (D) Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (E) None of the above

4. What is/are the difference(s) between passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion? (A) Passive diffusion does not require protein transporters, while facilitated diffusion does. (B) Passive diffusion does not require ATP hydrolysis, while facilitated diffusion does. (C) Passive diffusion does not display saturation behavior, while facilitated diffusion does. (D) All of the above (E) A and C

5. Which of the following monosaccharides are anomers of each other? (A) Alpha-D-Glucose and Beta-L-Glucose (B) D-Sorbose and D-Fructose (C) D-Fructose and D-Glucose (D) Alpha-D-fructose and Beta-D-fructose (E) L-Glucose and L-Galactose

6. The process of electron transport will generate ATP. In the last stage, where does the energy that drives ATP synthesis come from? (A) The proton gradient (B) NAD+ and FAD (C) The electron gradient (D) The oxidation states of the complexes (E) Molecular oxygen

7. All of the following are in the mitochondria EXCEPT: (A) enzymes for fatty acid oxidation (B) adenylate kinase (C) TCA cycle (D) the electron transport complexes (E) pentose phosphate pathway

8. The reaction of photosynthesis whereby light energy is transduced into chemical energy uses ______ as a source of carbon, and produces ______. (A) CO2； hexose (B) hexose； CO2 (C) acetyl CoA； hexose (D) CO2； acetyl CoA (E) none of the above.

10. If levels of ______ and/or ______ are low, pyruvate is directed primarily into ______； but if they are high, pyruvate is converted into ______ for gluconeogenesis. (A) NADH； ATP； glycolysis； OAA (B) ATP； NADPH； glycolysis； acetyl CoA (C) ATP； acetyl CoA； TCA cycle； OAA (D) NAD+； acetyl CoA； TCA cycle； acetyl CoA (E) ATP； acetyl CoA； glycolysis； malate

11. All of the following are characteristics of phenylketonuria EXCEPT: (A) excretion of phenylpyruvate (B) air oxidation causes urine to turn dark on standing (C) treated by putting patient on a diet low in phenylalanine (D) untreated patients suffer severe mental retardation (E) deficiency or defect in phenylalanine hydroxylase.

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