(a)兩位理論家提出哪些重要的人類社會基本原則?

Article 1:A few weeks ago, I participated in a webinar with K-12 students, parents and teachers about howonline learning is going. The students, in particular, had some good things to say about theirvirtual experience: They liked that teachers were focusing more on everyone's mental health andwellbeing, and less on grades. They liked that the standardized tests for the year had beencancelled.The gift of a crisis is that it reveals to us what really matters. And this particular crisis has revealedwhat matters in education, and what doesn't. At a time when we are trying to do the best we canwith Iimited resources, the things that aren't critical have fallen away out of necessity. If the testwas really important, we'd be holding on to it.This pandemic may be unprecedented in its nature and scale. But the problems it has exposed arenot. Here are the things we have learned are actually the most important.First of all, children cannot learn without access to adequate food. For many students, school waspreviously their only source of breakfast and lunch, and school districts around the country set upfood pickups for families who need it during remote learning. Access to technology, we havelearned, is also critical. Millions of children don't have reliable access to the internet on acomputer or tablet that can be used for schoolwork. Without these basic needs met, learningcannot take place--and that was true before the pandemic.A focus on social and emotional wellbeing, previously considered a nice add-on to the school day,is now understood to be critical. When children are scared and gricving, when their lives are in astate of upheaval, it's very difficult for them to learn what a simile is, or how to add fractions. Andif the adults are not doing well socially and emotionally, the children cannot do well either.All of us can benefit from strengthening our skills to express what we are feeling and manage ouremotions in a healthy way. Effective social and emotional learning in the classroom, though,cannot occur in a vacuum. It has to apply an equity lens to ensure the wellbeing of allchildren--particularly Black, Latinx, Indigenous, low-income, and other historically marginalizedstudents, many of whom have suffered disproportionately during the pandemic.We learned that educating our children requires a collective effort. Parents, teachers, school anddistrict administrators, community members, and local politicians and business owners have hadto depend on each other and work together. When we allowed and forgave mistakes, participatedin collective brainstorming, and pooled our resources, we could work as a team to create a tapestryof support for them.As it turns out, many of the things that educators and community members have spent yearsadvocating for are not just "nice to have."' They are essential to the health and wellbeing of all ofus, especially our children. We learned that we cannot pay lip service to centering equity andanti-racism, because when a crisis hits, we are left with gaping holes that privilege some anddisadvantage others.Above all, 2020 has taught us the wisdom in the African proverb that it takes a village to raise achild, and in the Chinese proverb that a child's life is like a piece of paper on which every personleaves a mark. We've realized just how much we need cach other. That's what truly matters.(Condensed from an article by Kamilah Drummond-Forrester. EdSurge. Jan. 6, 2021)

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(a)兩位理論家提出哪些重要的人類社會基本原則?

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