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V. Composition Please write an essay within 600 words to describe the most difficult decision you have ever made. In this essay, please detail the formidable challenge you had faced, the decision-making process you went through, and how the final decision changed your life.

 1.1 將事故歸因於意外、疏忽,及/或不可抗力等理由,就國際海上人命安全公約/國際安全管理章程的風險管理角度而言,不過是表面上所見到的現象及/或藉口,很難 被接受屬事故根本原因。況且;這種狀況不應該發生。

1.2 事故的根本原因,應為:(1)船員未遵守作業的安全操作程序(2)應有的知識/職能不足(3)不正確/不當的工作態度(4)體能與精神狀態不佳。

1.3 根據 10月16日的租船合約,延滯費將從11月12日08:00 起算,持續到船舶卸貨完成時終止,每天以1750 美元計算,不足一天部份按比例計算。航運文件閱讀及了解

2.1 UKHO supports regulation of digital charting for vessels sailing without dual ECDIS - 25 May 2023   In July last year, we announced our intention to withdraw from the production of paper charts. Following consultations with the Maritime and Coastguard Agency and national user groups, we set a target date of late 2026 to complete the process. This was subject to the development of digital solutions for those remaining users of ADMIRALTY Standard Nautical Charts (SNCs) and Thematic Charts, ensuring that they have viable, official alternatives, as well as meeting the technical and regulatory steps required to achieve this. These conversations have highlighted a number of important transnational and regulatory factors that need further consideration, and we are grateful to every organization that has engaged in this process. It has become clear that more time is required to address the needs of those specific users who do not yet have viable alternatives to paper chart products, so we will continue to provide a paper chart service until at least 2030.

2.2 Port State Control in the USA Checklist and Ships- 23/02/2022   ALL VESSELS The following tests are to be carried out not more than 12 hours before entering US coastal waters (33 CFR 164.25): 1. Steering gear and systems including alarms and indicators. 2. Internal communications and alarm systems.  3. Emergency generator and emergency fire pump with simultaneous charging of two fire hoses, one at the bow and one on the bridge wing. 4. Storage batteries for emergency lighting and power systems.  5. Main engine ahead and astern. 6. Engine room and pump room (if applicable) bilge alarms. 7. Bunker tank overflow alarms. The above tests are to be entered in the deck logbook  8. Vessel must have appropriate charts and publications for the area to be transited and the port and these must be the latest editions and corrected to the most recent Notices to Mariners (In some ports, UK charts are not permitted and it is necessary to obtain the US charts for the area. 9. Clear instructions accompanied by a block diagram are to be posted in the bridge and steering flat for operation of the steering gear with instructions for change over to emergency steering operation.

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