(a) (10 pts) Describe aerosol particles' deiiquescence(潮解)and efforescence(脱水) phenomena, and explain their physical-chemical principles.

(b) (10 pts) The water absorption capacity of a salt particle is different when the air is drying or moisturizing. Explain this hysteresis cycles (遲滯循環) and write down the involved processes.

(a) (5 pts) How these cloud types differ in composition?

(b) (5 pts) How these cloud types differ in formation conditions?

(c) (5 pts) Why both cloud types require sulfuric acid aerosols as the core for cloud particle formation?

a) (8pts) The ozone formation ion over the stratosphere is based on the Chapman mechanism. Please describe the four major reactions of the Chapman mechanism.

b) (16 pts) The predicted [O3] profile based on steady-state assumption overestimates theO3 concentrations by a factor of 2 or more as shown in Figure 1-1 due to the missing sinks for O3, i.e., HOx, NOx and ClOx with the following propagation reactions: X is a catalyst such as OH, NO, and Cl Please describe what the initial chemical con mponents associated with HOx, NOx, and ClOx, and where they come from, and how the initial HOx, NOx, and ClOx are formed (the initiation step for radical formation).(明確描述在平流層産生HOx,NOxand CIOX的最原始物質及其來源為何,這些原始物質如何進到或出現在平流層,如何初步產生 HOx, NOx, and ClOx).

c) (12 pts) In the troposphere, ozone can be transported from stratosphere but is mainly produced by chemical reactions. Figure 1-2 shows the cyeling of HOx and O3; production in a polluted atmosphere. Please describe in detail how the ozone is formed in the troposphere (you can use CO or CH4 as an example to illustrate the processes).

(a) (4 pts) Please calculate the total amount of rain over the whole Taiwan per day (in a unit of liter ).

(b) (6 pts) Please calculate the concentration of HNO; and H2SO4, in the rain, respectively (in a unit of M, 體積莫爾濃度).

(C) (4 pts) please calculate the resulting rainwater pH (assun ming equilibrium with H2SO4, and HNO3, H2SO4 and HNO3; are strong acids and dissociate completely).

110年 - 110 國立臺灣大學_碩士班招生考試_大氣科學研究所甲組:大氣環境化學#100479