一、What are the sources of international law? Can the emerging international soft
law serve as a source of international law? Please elaborate with examples.
（25 分）

二、During the Russia-Ukraine conflict, multiple reports indicated that both Russian and Ukrainian armed forces have used cluster munitions. These weapons, upon detonation, disperse a large number of submunitions, can produce strategic deterrent effects. However, due to their lack of precision, they often cause extensive and indiscriminate harm in populated area. Furthermore, cluster munitions have a high failure rate, frequently resulting in unexploded ordnance (UXO), also known as "duds," which pose a significant threat to civilians long after the conflict ends. The 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM) explicitly prohibits the use, development, stockpiling, acquisition, transfer and production of such weapons, but neither Russia nor Ukraine is a State Party to the Convention. Please analyze whether the use of cluster munitions complies with the rules of international humanitarian law.（25 分）

三、"The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities" has been developed in the field of international environmental law in order to take into account the different needs of developed and developing countries. Please illustrate the historical development and contemporary application of this principle.（25 分）

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