三、Translate “accountability journalism” into Chinese and briefly elaborate whether you consider it essential. Limit your answer within 5 sentences.（10 分）

四、Translate “Public service broadcasting” into Chinese and briefly elaborate whether you consider it necessary to spend huge money on it. Limit your answer within 5 sentences.（10分）

五、Translate the following passage into Chinese.（20 分） A new model of citizenship is emerging for the states of the contemporary international community. This citizenship is rooted in love of one’s own community, one’s own culture, with a deep sense of civic responsibility for its well-being, but extends the feelings of community and civic responsibility to all those who live within the borders of one’s country. It resonates with the symbols of citizenship—the flag, the constitutions, and the institutions and processes of governance of that country. This is different from the assimilation model of citizenship because it values and respects the heterogeneous identity groups within the borders of the country. The new model of citizenship that hovers on the horizon is not only multicultural, involving respect for all groups of fellow citizens within the state, but is multinational and multidimensional: a three-fold citizenship. The first dimension, one’s local community, has already been emphasized as a part of one’s citizenship in the state, which in turn is the second dimension of citizenship. The third dimension of citizenship has yet to be recognized and explored: citizenship in the United Nations itself. The UN was formed as an association of “we, the peoples,” not as “we, the states.” What weaves the local, national, and the UN dimensions of our citizenship together in a common fabric is the existence of 25, 000 international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) which bring concerns for peace, justice, human rights, and the environment from our local chapters to the national and on the UN’s level. (END)

⑴國際成人能力評估計畫（Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies, PIAAC）

⑵高等教育學習成果評估（Assessment of Higher Education Learning Outcomes, AHELO）

⑶教學與學習國際調查（Teaching and Learning International Survey, TALIS）

⑷教育 2030：行動架構（Education 2030: Framework for Action）

⑸教育概覽（Education at a Glance）

二、曾有學者提倡將後殖民理論（post-colonialism）運用於比較教育研究之上。請說明該 理論主要的提倡學者與主要論點。（25 分）

⑴說明上述四國何者為中央教育行政機關具有規範全國課程綱要／標準權力之國 家。（6 分）

⑵自上述四國選出二個國家，依照我國希望了解國外有關課程綱要／標準之需求， 擬定題目及至少三項研究目的，並就該題目與研究目的加以說明；另在此研究目 的下，列出比較點加以分析，以供我國借鏡。（19 分）

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