六、請說明防波堤(Breakwater)的功能及種類有那些及其型式為何及各有那些主要的優點?請說明何調丁壩及其功能與設置方式為何?

(a) Martensitic transformation always generates hard and brittle product phase. (2%)

(b) It is very common to find a twinning system in metal that both the twinning plane and twinning shear direction are rational. (2%)

(c) Compared to homogeneous nucleation, heterogeneous nucleation has a smaller critical free energy barrier (△G') and critical radius (r*) both. (2%)

(d) We only need solid solution treatment and aging treatment for effective precipitation hardening. (2%)

(e) When a crystal is deformed in compression, the slip plane rotates so that it tends to become perpendicular to the stress axis. (2%)

(a) Write down all seven crystal systems. Which two systems do not have any perpendicular interaxial angles (that is,α≠ 90°， β≠ 90°， γ≠ 90°?(3%)

(b) The interplanar spacing is a function of the Miller indices and lattice parameters. For example, for crystal structures having cubic symmetry:d Derive the interplanar spacing  for crystal structures having tetragonal symmetry. (3%)

(c) A BCT unit cell in martensitic steel is simply a body-centered cube that has been elongated along the c-axis. Due to the reduced symmetry from BCC, the martensite (002) and (200) peaks spit in X-ray diffraction pattern may be observed. Today a martensitic steel sampie with unknown carbon concentration is detected to have 2θ = 5.7° difference between (002) and (200) planes while using X-ray diffraction with Cr-Ka radiation (wavelength = 0.22897 nm). From a linear relationship between carbon content and cla ratio: , and lattice parameter a = 0.2868 nm, evaluate the carbon concentration of this martensitic steel. (4%)

(a) What is the definition of the Burgers vector? Also, write down the Burgers vector b for FCC, BCC, and HCP structures. (2%)

(b) Zinc has an HCP crystal structure, a cla ratio of 1.856. In addition to slip on the basal plane, zinc has been observed to slip on a unique slip system. Draw one schematic HCP unit cell (such as the figure shown below) to illustrate basal slip AND another HCP unit cell to illustrate slip system. (2%)

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