四、景觀生態學中一個重要的觀念為生態過程（ecological process）和景觀格局（landscape pattern）之間的關係。請以一個你所熟悉的景觀為例，選取其中一樣或一類重要的 物質或生物，分析影響這些物體的生態過程有那些？並分析景觀格局對這些過程與 該物體的影響，最後依此提出景觀規劃與設計建議。（25 分）

1. Tony was raised by a 1 family when his own parents died. (A) host (B) guest (C) foster (D) roster

2. For many teachers, one of the challenges nowadays is to get 2 students to speak more. (A) reticent (B) recumbent (C) eloquent (D) efficient

3. Our bills will be less if we 3 from gas to electricity. (A) expand (B) transform (C) switch (D) exchange

4. 4 -prone kids have trouble controlling their emotions, which results in an inability to control their anger. (A) Pendulum (B) Tantrum (C) Conundrum (D) Sanctum

5. In Hollywood magazines, yoga is usually associated with a woman twisting her lithe body into a ...............-def/ing pretzel. (A) relativity (B) captivity (C) nativity (D) gravity

6. The vessel may be determined as 6 if it has been submerged or abandoned in or on coastal wetlands in excess of 30 days. (A) derelict (B) lingo (C) residue (D) wager

7. Jennifer’s 7 response discouraged John to take the engagement ring out of his pocket. (A) hearty (B) spiritual (C) pat (D) curt

8. The fortress was 8 by enemies for months and desperately needed provisions. (A) besieged (B) befuddled (C) exterminated (D) emancipated

9. Space-faring nations are well aware of the dangers caused by space — 9 —from inactive satellites to discarded rocket stages to nuts and bolts left in orbit. (A) shuttles (B) debris (C) inertia (D) alluvia

11 opened many eyes around the globe regarding the prevalence of bullying. It was，— 12 , not until the late 1990s that the first systematic and large-scale studies of bullying prevalence were conducted in the United States. In 1998，the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) sponsored a nationally representative survey on bullying of 15,686 students in grades 6 through 10. Overall，30 percent of young people all over the country at the time of the survey were involved in 13 to frequent bullying during the previous couple of months, as perpetrators, victims，or both. Based on these survey data, it was estimated that as many as 3.2 million students 14 were victims of bullying and 3.7 million were bullies. That there were more bullies than victims reflects the common 15 whereby several children gang up on one. Finally, these estimates included 1.2 million who both bullied others and were themselves victims of bullying.

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