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IV. Examination Questions Design  1. Please SUMMARIZE the following article into 200 to 250 words  and design FIVE cloze test questions  and THREE reading comprehension questions  respectively, based on your REWRITTEN passage. （閱測題請至少出一題混合題型。克漏字與閱測題皆須附上答案。）The original text:       People must breathe in order to live. The process of breathing ("respiration", in medicalterminology) is critical because it is the sole mechanism through which vital gasses such as oxygen andcarbon dioxide can move between the air and the blood. When someone breathes in, oxygen is removedfrom the air and dissolved into the blood where it is used as fuel by the body's cells. When someonebreathes out, cellular waste products like carbon dioxide are removed from the blood and exhaled backout into the air. This complex transfer of gasses takes place in the lungs and involves a number ofstructures associated with the lungs that help move gasses between the lungs and the air: the bronchi(airways or passages within the lungs), and the alveoli (tiny air sacs composed of special membranesfound at the end of the bronchi at which point the transfer of gases between the blood and the airoccurs).      Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD for short) occurs when permanent blockages formwithin the pulmonary system (the term "pulmonary" refers to the lungs and respiratory system) thatinterfere with the transfer of vital gasses. To be diagnosed with COPD means that some portion of one'sbronchi or alveoli have become permanently obstructed, reducing the volume of air that can behandled by the lungs. As this process progresses, the overall efficiency of the gas exchange process isreduced.      There are two underlying disorders that can cause COPD: Emphysema and chronic Bronchitis.      Bronchitis is literally an inflammation of the bronchi. The walls of the bronchi inside the lungsbecome inflamed, and this inflammation decreases the bronchi's diameter so that less air is able to flowthrough than normal. The inflammation process promotes excessive production of mucus. Bronchialmucus, which serves to keep the airways clean and free of bacteria, is produced under normalconditions. However, the excessive mucus produced in bronchitis is thicker and more difficult to coughup than normal, and acts to clog the airways and inhibit lung capacity. Emphysema also reduces the efficiency of the gas exchange process, only in a different manner.      Emphysema affects the alveoli, specifically their sensitive membranes through which the gas exchange process occurs. Emphysema causes alveolar membranes to lose elasticity, become brittle, and then actually rip and tear. Broken alveolar membranes cannot be regenerated by the body. Each time alveolar membranes burst, more surface area within the lung necessary for gas transfer is permanently lost. As this process progresses, it becomes very difficult for patients to exhale because their weakened airways threaten collapse the harder they try to breathe out. The heart tries to compensate for the loss of oxygen available in the bloodstream by pumping harder and faster, a process associated with other serious complications including heart failure.      Asthma is another respiratory disease that may be associated with COPD but which is not itselfclassified as COPD. People who have asthma have highly sensitive bronchi that are more reactive toenvironmental irritants like smoke, dust and pollen than are the bronchi of people who do not haveasthma. During an asthma attack, asthma patients' bronchi swell and narrow in a manner similar towhat occurs in bronchitis, restricting the volume of gasses that can be transferred between the bloodand the air. At this time, the exact relationship between asthma and COPD is unclear. However, there issome evidence to support the "Dutch Hypothesis" that both asthma and COPD have common geneticorigins and may represent different expressions of a similar disease process. The jury is still out onwhether the Dutch Hypothesis is accurate or not, but numerous researchers believe that it is at leastpartially true that asthmatic people may have a heightened genetic vulnerability for COPD.

2. Please make the following passage into a passage of 250-300 words, design a discourse analysis question (篇章結構). Rewrite and    underline    the FOUR sentences that will be made into blanks. The original text:      Economic hardship exacts a toll on millions of families worldwide – and in some places, it comes at the price of a child’s physical safety. Nearly 1 in 10 children across the globe (around 152 million) are subjected to child labour, almost half of whom are in hazardous forms of work.      Children may be driven into work for various reasons. Most often, child labour occurs when familiesface financial challenges or uncertainty – whether due to poverty, sudden illness of a caregiver, or job loss of a primary wage earner. The consequences are staggering. Child labour can result in extreme bodily and mental harm, and even death. It can lead to slavery and sexual or economic exploitation. And in nearly every case, it cuts children off from schooling and health care, restricting their fundamental rights and threatening their futures.    Migrant and refugee children    – many of whom have been uprooted by conflict,disaster or poverty – also risk being forced into work and even trafficked, especially if they are migrating alone or taking irregular routes with their families. Trafficked children are often subjected to violence, abuse and other human rights violations. And some may be forced to break the law. For girls, the threat of    sexual exploitation    looms large, while boys may be    exploited by armed forces or groups   . Whatever the cause, child labour compounds social inequality and discrimination, and robs girls and boys of their childhood. Unlike activities that help children develop, such as contributing to light housework or taking on a job during school holidays, child labour limits access to education and harms a child’s physical, mental and social growth.Especially for girls, the “triple burden” of school, work and household chores heightens their risk of falling behind, making them even more vulnerable to poverty and exclusion.      UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund) works to prevent and respond tochild labour, especially by    strengthening the social service workforce   . Social service workers play a key role in recognizing, preventing and managing risks that can lead to child labour. Their efforts develop and support the workforce to identify and respond to potential situations of child labour through casemanagement and social protection services, including early identification, registration and interimrehabilitation and referral services. They also focus on strengthening parenting and community educationinitiatives to address harmful social norms that perpetuate child labour, while partnering with national andlocal governments to prevent violence, exploitation and abuse. With the International Labour Organization(ILO), we help to collect data that make child labour visible to decision makers. These efforts complement our work to strengthen    birth registration    systems, ensuring that all children possess birth certificates that prove they are under the legal age to work. Children removed from labour must also be safely returned to school or training. UNICEF supports increased access to quality education and provides comprehensive social services to keep children protected and with their families. To address child trafficking, UNICEF works with United Nations partners and the European Union on    initiatives    that reach 13 countries across Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe and Latin America.

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